THE EYE
                            by David Menton

       (C) copyright 1991 Missouri Association for Creation, Inc.

The evolutionist Dr. Ernst Mayer once said:

     --it is a considerable strain on one's credulity to assume that finely
     balanced systems such as certain sense organs (the eye of vertebrates,
     or the birds feather) could be improved by random mutations" (E.
     Mayer, 'Systematics and the Origin of Species' (N.Y. Columbia
     University Press, 1942, p. 296).

Darwin once said that the very thought of the complexity of the eye gave
him the chills.
     The eye is constructed exactly like a camera except that it is
infinitely more complex and sophisticated.  Like some modern cameras, it
has autofocus and automatic adjustment of the iris diaphragm.  In the case
of the eye, the lens actually changes it's shape or correction to focus at
different distances.  The lens is made of living cells that are marvelously
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transparent as is the cornea, the window like skin that covers the eye.
     The most amazing component of the camera eye is it's "film" or retina.
 This light sensitive layer, which lines the back of the eye ball, is
thinner than a sheet of Saran-Wrap and is vastly more sensitive to a wider
range of light than any man made film. The best man-made film can handle a
range of 1,000-to-one.  By comparison, the human retina can handle a
dynamic range of light of 10 billion-to-one and can sense as little as a
single photon of light in the dark!  In bright daylight, the retina
bleaches out and turns it's "volume control" way down so as not to
overload.
     The light sensitive cells of the retina are like an extremely complex
high gain amplifier.  There are over 10 million such cells in the retina
and they are packed together with a density of 200,000/mm{2} in the highly
sensitive fovea.  These photoreceptor cells have a very high rate of
metabolism and must completely replace themselves about every 7 days!  If
you look at a very bright light such as the sun, they immediately burn out
but are rapidly replaced in most cases.    Because the retina is thinner than
the wave length of visible light it is totally transparent.  Each of these
minute photoreceptor cells is vastly more complex than the most
sophisticated man-made computer.
     It has been estimated that 10 billion calculations occur every second
in the retina before the light image even gets to the brain!  It is
sobering to compare this performance to the most powerful man-made
computer.  In an article published in the computer magazine 'Byte' (April
1985) Dr. John Stevens said:

     "To simulate 10 milliseconds of the complete processing of even a
     single nerve cell from the retina would require the solution of about
     500 simultaneous non-linear differential equations one hundred times
     and would take at least several minnutes of processing time on a Cray
     supercomputer.  Keeping in mind that there are 10 million or more such
     cels interacting with each other in complex ways it  would take a
     minimum    of a hundred years of Cray time to simulate what takes place
     in your eye many times every second."

What makes this comparison even more incredible is the fact that nerve
cells such as the photo cells of the retina conduct electrical signals
approximately a million times slower than the circuit traces or "wires" in
a man made supercomputer.  Dr. Stevens said that if it were possible to
build a single silicon chip that could simulate the retina using currently
available technology it would have to weigh about 100 pounds where as the
retina weighs less than a gram.   The "super chip" would occupy 10,000 cubic
inches of space whereas the retina occupies 0.0003 inches of space.  The
power consumption of the man-made superchip would be about 300 watts,
whereas the retina consumes only 0.0001 watts of power!
     Attempts to explain the evolution of the eye, like most other
evolutionary "explanations," are merely untestable scenarios in the quise
of science.  Not only must one account for the eye itself but also an
optically transparent "skin'" the cornea through the eye must look and a
brain to process the optical information.  The visual cortex of the brain,
together with the eye, which is actually part of the brain, must translate
optical information which begins as nothing more than differences in the
amplitude and wave length of light rays into what is perceived as real time
3-dimensional color vision.  There is undoubtedly a scientific explanation
for all of this signal processing and we already know a great deal about it
but we are no closer to a scientific explanation for how we came to have
eyes in the first place.  As radically different as invertebrates are from
vertebrates in all of their organs, the invertebrate octopus has an eye
strikingly similar to that of man!  No wonder the Bible says "The hearing
ear and the seeing eye the Lord hath made them all."
                              
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