End Notes
                               =========
  
  
  Becoming (bhava):  States of sensuality, form, & formlessness that can 
    develop from craving & clinging, and provide the condition for 
    birth on both the internal & external levels.
  
  Binding (vana):  Related terms (cf. nibbana--nibbuta) would be vivata, 
    open; sanvuta, closed, restrained, tied up; & parivuta, surrounded.  
    See PTS Dictionary, *Varati and *Vunati.
  
  Brahman:  The Brahmans of India have long maintained that they, by 
    their birth, are worthy of the highest respect.  Buddhism borrowed 
    the term Brahman to apply to those who have attained the goal, to 
    show that respect is earned not by birth, race, or caste, but by 
    spiritual attainment.
  
  Effluent (asava):  Four qualities--sensuality, views, becoming & 
    ignorance--that 'flow out' of the mind and create the flood (ogha) 
    of the round of death & rebirth.
  
  Factors of Awakening (sambojjhanga):  The seven qualities, developed 
    through jhana, that lead the mind to Awakening are   (1) 
    mindfulness, (2) investigation of phenomena, (3) energy,        (4) 
    rapture, (5) serenity, (6) concentration, & (7) equanimity.
  
  Fetters (sanyojana):  The ten Fetters that bind the mind to the round 
    of death & rebirth are (1) self-identity views, (2) grasping at 
    precepts & practices, (3) doubt, (4) sensual passion, (5) 
    irritation, (6) passion for form, (7) passion for formlessness,  
    (8) conceit,     (9) restlessness, & (10) ignorance.
  
  Hindrances (nivarana):  The Five Hindrances that prevent the mind from 
    gaining concentration are (1) sensual desire, (2) ill will, (3) 
    sloth & torpor, (4) restlessness & anxiety, and (5) doubt.
  
  Mara:  The personification of evil & temptation.
  
  Naga:  A term commonly used to refer to strong, stately & heroic 
    animals, such as elephants & magical serpents.  In Buddhism, it is 
    also used to refer to those who have attained the goal.  
  
  Stress (dukkha):  Dukkha, which is traditionally translated in  the 
    Commentaries as, 'that which is hard to bear,' is notorious for 
    having no truly adequate equivalent in English, but 'stress'--in 
    its basic sense as a strain on body or mind--seems to be as close 
    as English can get.  In the Pali Canon, dukkha applies both to 
    physical & to mental phenomena, ranging from the intense stress of 
    acute anguish or pain to the innate burdensomeness of even the most 
    subtle mental or physical fabrications.  
  
  Such (tadi):  An adjective to describe one who has attained the goal.  
    It indicates that the person's state is indefinable but not subject 
    to change or influences of any sort.
  
  Tathagata:  Literally, 'one who has become real (tatha-agata),' an 
    epithet used in ancient India for a person who has attained the 
    highest religious goal.  In Buddhism, it usually refers 
    specifically to the Buddha, although occasionally it also refers to 
    any of his disciples who have attained the Buddhist goal. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
                              Bibliography
                              ============
  
  Blair, Chauncey J.  Heat in the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda.   (New 
    Haven:  American Oriental Society, 1961.)
  
  Buddhaghosa, Bhadantacariya.  The Path of Purification, trans. by 
    Bhikkhu Nanamoli.  (Kandy:  Buddhist Publication Society, 1975.)
  
  Collins, Steven.  Selfless Persons:  Imagery and Thought in Theravada 
    Buddhism.  (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 1982.)
  
  Ergardt, Jan T.  Faith and Knowledge in Early Buddhism. (Leiden:  E. 
    J. Brill, 1977.)
  
  Gonda, Jan.  Some Observations on the Relations between 'Gods' and 
    'Powers' in the Veda, a propos of the Phrase, sunuh sahasah.  
    (s'Gravenhage:  Mouton & Co., 1957.)
  
  Griffith, Ralph (trans.).  The Hymns of the Rig Veda.   (Varanasi:  
    The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1963.)
  
  Jayatilleke, K. N.  Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge.  (London:  
    George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1963.)
  
  Johansson, Rune E. A.  The Psychology of Nirvana.  (London:  George 
    Allen & Unwin Ltd.,1969.)
  
  Knipe, David M.  In the Image of Fire:  The Vedic Experiences of Heat.  
    (Delhi:  Motilal Barnasidass, 1975.)
  
  Nanananda, Bhikkhu.  Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought.  
    (Kandy:  Buddhist Publication Society, 1971.)
  
  __________. The Magic of the Mind:  An Exposition of the Kalakarama 
    Sutta.  (Kandy:  Buddhist Publication Society, 1974.)
  
  Nyanaponika Thera.  Anatta and Nibbana:  Egolessness and Deliverance.  
    (Kandy:  Buddhist Publication Society, 1971.)
  
  O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger.  The Rig Veda:  An Anthology.  
    (Harmondsworth:  Penguin Books Ltd., 1984.)
  
  Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary.  Ed. T. W. Rhys Davids 
    and W. Stede.  (London:  Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1972.)
  
  Panikkar, Raimundo.  The Vedic Experience.  (Berkeley:  University of 
    California Press, 1977.)
  
  Radhakrishnan, S. (ed. & trans.).  The Principal Upanisads. (London:  
    George Allen & Unwin, 1953.)
  
  Warder, A. K.  Outline of Indian Philosophy.  (Delhi:  Motilal 
    Barnasidass, 1971.)