[] TL: CLIMBING OUT OF THE OZONE HOLE (GP) SO: Greenpeace, Washington DC (GP) DT: February, 1993 Keywords: environment greenpeace atmosphere ozone alternatives chemicals technology research us chlorine / Supplement Sources of Safer Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Chemicals (ODC) by Use Sector and State by State in the US Greenpeace, Washington DC February, 1993 CONTENTS Foreword Sources of Alternatives to ODCs by Use Sector I. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Ammonia vapor compression Hydrocarbon-propane, butane Absorption-ammonia Absorption-water and lithium bromide Solar powered absorption A/C Zeolite-water cooling Stirling Cycle-Helium cooling Evaporative cooling Desiccant cooling Thermo-acoustic cooling Thermo-electric, Magnetic cooling Malone Cycle and Single-Piston compression CO2 based refrigeration Auto air conditioning (Special Section) Passive cooling: reducing need for A/C II. Solvents and Cleaning No-clean technology Controlled/Inert atmosphere soldering Aqueous cleaning agents and processes Semi-aqueous cleaning Specialized cleaning, dry cleaning. III. Foams/Insulation CO2 and water blown foam Vacuum panel insulation Silica-aerogel/gas filled panel insulation IV. Aerosols and Propellants Propellant gases Non-aerosol methods Plastic molding V. Fire Fighting Sources of Alternatives to ODCs State by State FOREWORD The following paper provides a listing of US based manufacturers, research and development companies, and vendors of products and processes that provide environmentally safer alternatives to CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals (ODCs), including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and global warming (non-ozone depleting) hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) gases that are still the main focus of efforts to replace CFC uses. The entries are arranged in five major ODC use sectors: solvents and cleaning, foam and insulation, propellants, refrigeration and air conditioning and fire fighting. The same entries are then also listed state by state in the US. Those listed have ODC alternatives at various stages of maturation, from research and development to full commercialization, and this is indicated in the text. The listing focuses on the US and US based companies and government efforts, although internationally there are numerous examples of technological innovation for CFC replacement. The list attempts to provide significant examples of safer alternatives to ODCs, although it is not comprehensive. There are undoubtedly numerous other relevant efforts by both the private sector and federal, state and local government that we look forward to learning about; nor does the survey provide detailed technical information about the products that should be requested from the original source (a contact number is provided). The listing is meant to be read in conjunction with the Greenpeace report, Climbing out of the Ozone Hole: A Preliminary Survey of Alternatives to Ozone-Depleting Chemicals, Greenpeace International, Amsterdam, October 1992 (available from Greenpeace USA, Washington DC). This report explains the ozone depletion problem, the uses of ODCs and the functioning and application of most of the safer alternatives. The following listing nevertheless contains much that is new and supplementary-to the technology surveyed in the original Climbing Out of the Ozone Hole report. This listing was researched by Damian Durrant, of the Greenpeace Ozone Campaign, to whom all comments and corrections should be directed. Greenpeace does not endorse products or companies, or has independently evaluated the test results, products, environmental policies and practices, toxic waste handling, pollution prevention or occupational health and safety record of the companies and institutions listed herein. SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVES TO OZONE DEPLETING CHEMICALS (ODCs) BY USE SECTOR I. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (See p.12 of companion report) 1. Ammonia Vapor Compression Systems (See p.15 of companion report) Note: In the US over 80 % of large refrigerated warehouses and food storage areas run on ammonia. The Ammonia Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Washington DC, represents this industry's interests. In a recent development, HCFC22 systems are being sold with a built in capacity, at small cost to convert to ammonia as refrigerant. This reflects the rising cost of HCFCs and their accelerating phase-out, currently a 90% production phase-out in the developed world by 2015. In 1992, the UK Institute of Refrigeration (IR) endorsed ammonia (and carbon dioxide blown insulation) as an immediate solution for replacing CFC-12 in domestic refrigerators. BALTIMORE AIR COIL, Jessup, Maryland. Air Coil is a major international manufacturer, perhaps the worlds largest supplier of evaporative condensors for ammonia based refrigeration equipment, and also has a patented ice storage system using ethyl glycol and ammonia. A new field is ammonia based cooling of inlet air to increase efficiency of gas turbine power plants. Robert Catef, (410) 7994262. CARRIER CORP. (UNITED TECHNOLOGIES), Syracuse, New York. America's largest heating and air conditioning manufacturer and contractor, whose line includes industrial and commercial scale ammonia refrigeration systems. Jon Sanberg, (203) 674-3132. ENGINEERED REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS, Mobile, Alabama. Contractor and distributor for ammonia based refrigeration for commercial applications. Mr. Steve Carroll, (205) 471-2425. EVAPCO, Westminster, Maryland. Large manufacturer of ammonia refrigeration systems. Joe Sysmanksi, (410) 756-2600. FES, York, Pennsylvania. One of the top three manufacturers of industrial scale ammonia refrigeration systems in the US. Jeff Granby, (717) 767-6411. FRICK (YORK), Waynesborough, Pennsylvania. One of largest manufacturers of ammonia based industrial refrigeration equipment. Frick is a division of York International, one of the big three US air conditioning and heating companies (with CARRIER and TRANE). Mr Jack Bullitt, (717) 762-2121. Mr Mike Ricci, (717) 771-7890. GENERAL REFRIGERMETICS CORP., East Elmhurst, New York. Major US wide manufacturer of compressors and associated systems for ammonia based refrigeration contractors. (718) 721-3600, (800) 5824005. IMECO, Polo, Illinois. Produces food storage and other large capacity ammonia refrigeration units. Chuck Spear. (815) 946-2351. NIAGARA SYSTEMS, Buffalo, New York. Produces large scale ammonia refrigeration units. Jack T. Rowland, (716) 875-2000. PAUL MUELLER CO., Springfield, Missouri. Produces commercial scale ammonia refrigeration units and glycol refrigerant units for certain applications. Les Gardner, (417) 831-3000. SAFEWAY, Loring, Maryland. Safeway is one the largest grocery chains in the US, and is an example of widespread use of ammonia based refrigeration in all warehouses and food storage areas, based on efficiency and lower cost than CFC/HCFC systems. John Lopez, (301) 918-6752. STAL REFRIGERATION, Bensalem, Pennsylvania. Major international manufacturer of ammonia air conditioning, chiller and refrigeration units. (215) 638-7330. TURBO REFRIGERATING CO, Denton, Texas. Produces large scale refrigeration, chilling units and 25-100 ton ice machines using ammonia. Diane Stevens, (817) 387-4301. VILTER MFG, CO., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Produces large scale ammonia refrigeration units. Jason Cole, (414) 744-0111. HENRY VOGT MACHINE CO., Louisville, Kentucky. Vogt produces 10001b to 50 ton icea machines using ammonia as a refrigerant. Ron Scherzinger, (502) 634-1500. 2. Hydrocarbon Vapor Compression Systems (See p.16 of companion report) CARLYSLE COMPRESSORS CO, (DIVISION OF CARRIER CORP.), Syracuse, New York. Carlysle specializes in compressor production and servicing of all kinds including hydrocarbon (propane, butane, iso-butane) cooling and refrigeration compressors used in certain industrial applications, and particularly at petroleum refineries worldwide, where it confers numerous operating and cost advantages. (315) 432-6237. DKK SCHARFENSTEIN / GREENPEACE (Germany), c/o Greenpeace, Washington DC. DKK was formerly the largest refrigerator manufacturer in the Eastern bloc, based in East Germany. DKK is now producing commercially a unique domestic refrigerator using a propane and butane mixture (50/50 ratio) as a refrigerant, with a hermetically sealed compressor unit. The "Greenfreeze" energy use is comparable to current CFC-12 (Freon) designs on the German market, and uses only some 44 ounces of propane and butane (equivalent to a large size lighter fluid container). The Greenfreeze has been given the endorsement of German government for sale in Germany. Some 70,000 advance orders exist for the product with the aid of Greenpeace Germany. A December 1992 Bundestag committee hearing concluded propane and butane were environmentally preferable to HFC-134a favored by the chemical industry, based on cost, energy use and global warming impact, and judged the additional flammability risk of hydrocarbons negligible. The normal home, apart from widespread use of natural gas in cooking and heating, has many products containing hydrocarbons (propane, butane and iso-butane mixtures) as aerosol propellants which are often stored in the kitchen. In the US, propane is piped into homes for power, or specifically for heating or drying and is used for thousands of vehicles as alternative fuels. Damian Durrant, (202) 319-2518. LENNOX INDUSTRIES, Carrollton, Texas. Lennox is a major company that has tested a nominal 8.8 kW capacity packaged air conditioning unit with propane substituted for the HCFC-22 refrigerant. Test results were encouraging, and Lennox is aiming to commercialize the product for industrial and light commercial uses. Lennox has previously, at the annual EPA 1991 CFC Alternatives Conference, made quite a persuasive case for re- examining the relative safety of hydrocarbon use in the home. Mr Dave Lewis, (214) 416-7515. 3. Ammonia Absorption Systems (See p.17 of companion report) DOMETIC CORP., Le Grange, Indiana. Major manufacturer of absorption system refrigeration for small hotel and motel minibar refrigerators and the hotel business around the US. (Also "Duo-Therm" RV patented absorption refrigerators and freezers for RVs, using mainly propane power as well as electric). (219) 463-2191, (219) 463-4858. ENERGY CONCEPTS INC, Annapolis, Maryland / ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, University of Chicago, Michigan. Argonne Laboratory is developing design software for a high efficiency heat pump under development by Energy Concepts of Annapolis. The advanced "GAX" absorption heat pump will use ammonia and water mixture (not CFCs) that can heat or cool buildings, and can use waste- heat from processes to provide industrial or process refrigeration and cooling with much higher efficiency than now possible. Dave Baurac, (Argonne) (708) 252-5584, Donald Erickson (ECI), (410) 266-6521. JET PROPULSION LAB. / SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS CO. Pasadena, California. This cooperative venture has produced two (1991) patents on a domestic, residential scale air conditioning system and secondly a heat pump for heating and cooling. The "regenerative sorption compressor" system uses ammonia absorption and carbon absorbent bed. Powered by natural gas, the system is to be promoted by SoCal Gas and will qualify buyers for utility rebates, as it reduces the need for peak energy production in summer by the utility. Predictions suggest winter utility bills with heat pump could be cut by 50%, while reducing the peak load for utilities in winter. The system follows cyrogenic systems developed for the US Air Force by the Propulsion Lab., and a full prototype should be available at the end of 1993. Ed Becker (SoCal) (213) 244-5345, Jack Jones (Jet Propulsion Lab), (818) 354-4717. ROBUR CORP., Evansville, Indiana. "Servel" describes itself as "the global leader in environmentally sensitive air conditioning technologies". The Servel brand domestic air conditioning system uses water and ammonia as basic refrigerant, in an absorption cooling cycle that is unique to the industry. The range includes a unique design for residential air conditioning ("The Chiller" model), and light commercial and industrial process applications ("Chiller-Link" model up to 25 ton capacity) including combined heater and chiller model ("Therma-Chiller"). The systems are designed to run most cheaply on natural gas or propane, but are still competitive with electric, particularly in the northeast where energy costs are high. The products are being promoted by the Gas Institute and United Propane. Mike Hall, (812) 424-1800. WAVE AIR CORP., Atlanta, Georgia. Wave Air is an innovative, smaller company developing a unique gas-fired Thermal Wave adsorption Heat Pump. This is designed for both residential cooling and heating, and uses a refrigeration circuit with ammonia that is enclosed outdoors of the residence. The production goal for the system is early 1996, and work has been carried out with the involvement of the Gas Research Institute. Robert Hill, (404) 874-5214. 4. Water and Lithium Bromide Absorption Systems Note: In the late 1960s and 1970s Absorption systems held a much higher percentage of the market, but dropped to only 4-5% in the 1980s, before regulation of CFCs. However, in Japan the gas- fired absorption cooling continued to be developed, and the market is large while absorption cooling is becoming the system of choice given high electric power costs. Most Japanese absorption cooling manufacturers including MITSUBISHI, KAWASAKI, HITACHI, SANYO, have alliances with US HVACR manufacturers. In the US, most uses are for larger commercial and residential air conditioning systems, but in Europe one of the worlds largest appliance manufacturer ELECTROLUX, and Swiss based SIBIR, sell water and lithium bromide absorption systems for domestic refrigerators. CARRIER CORPORATION, (DIV OF UNITED TECHNOLOGIES), Syracuse, New York. Major heating, cooling air conditioning and refrigeration manufacturer (HVACR) which designed and sells some 16 models of large scale absorption cycle cooling systems based on water (as refrigerant) and lithium bromide, for industrial, commercial, and residential air conditioning or water cooling. Carrier's latest model is extremely large at 450 tons of cooling (double effect, indirect fired model) one of which was installed in a six story office building in Long Island, NY. Models can use building waste heat, or steam for power to save energy, and using electricity are particularly economical during peak demand (for 'peak shaving' of energy cost, or when powered by natural gas. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. The systems are marketed by Carrier under the banner of "saving the ozone layer". Carrier confirms that, like most major HVACR manufacturers, they are working on advanced energy efficient models for what is to be a growing market. Carrier is having units manufactured in Japan by Ebara Corp, but will soon start production in the US. Jon Sanberg, (203)-674-3132; PHILLIPS ENGINEERING, St Joseph, Michigan. Phillips is a smaller company, developing a new design gas powered generator/absorber heat pump that will both cool and heat for residential applications, and includes work with Department of Energy and Gas Research Institute, that is perhaps one to two years from production. Benjamin Phillips, (616) 983-3935. TRANE CORP., La Cross, Wisconsin. Trane produces two stage, highly efficient absorption cooling machines under "Thermochill" brand, which employ water and lithium bromide, use waste heat or gas for particularly energy efficient uses (traditional mechanical CFC/HCFC systems rarely use gas power) and electricity. Applications are air-conditioning for commercial and large residential buildings. Trane is now developing an advanced triple effect super efficient design for what is judged a rapidly growing market. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities, and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. John Szymanski, (608) 787-4259, Jean Smithhart, (608) 787-3747. YORK INTERNATIONAL, York, Pennsylvania - San Antonio, Texas. York the other HVACR leader sells the "Paraflow" range of absorption air conditioning systems, that uses water as refrigerant in combination with lithium bromide as absorbent. The "Paraflow" range (3 models) has a unique Micro-computer control center for maximum efficiency. Power sources can be gas, oil or waste exhaust heat for power, for large commercial, business or residential buildings, and can reduce peak electric cooling costs by as much as 50 % . Both gas and electrical utilities offer rebates to install absorption cooling. York is the major HVACR that manufactures in the US and is developing a greater capacity, gas fired absorption system incorporating new technology for what they see as a rapidly growing market. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. York is the only absorption chiller manufacturer that builds in the US, the "Paraflow" is manufactured in Houston, Texas. However the Paraflow is a Hitachi (Japan) design, with which York has a close relationship reflecting Japanese development of this technology. Michael Ricci, (Pennsylvania) (717) 771-7890 or Mark Fallek (717) 771-6349 / (Texas), (713) 849-2122. 5. Solar Powered Absorption Air Conditioning CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION (CEC), Sacramento, California. The state funded California Energy Commission (CEC) has been testing a solar energy powered absorption air conditioning system, using a lithium bromide absorption cooling unit. Ozone-safe lithium bromide or ammonia absorption units are now experiencing an exploding demand, but usually are powered by gas or electricity (see above), however solar panels can provide the necessary heat and energy. A field test installation has been running successfully in Sacramento for six years, using simple flat- plate photovoltaic solar panels. However, these solar panels require a lot of roof area to provide the necessary power, and while this is suitable for commercial buildings, a system using a smaller roof area would provide more flexibility for residential applications where the majority of energy savings can be realized. Now CEC has identified a more efficient collector type solar panel that use less roof area, and although the initial investment is higher they will deliver more energy and heat (BTUs) per dollar invested. CEC is now aiming to carry out a further test using these advanced panels on another building in the Sacramento area. Solar powered absorption A/C has an enormous potential to reduce energy demand, avoid use of ozone depleting HCFCs or global warming HFC refrigerants to replace CFCs and help air quality. Such system could displace a huge energy load in summertime Los Angeles and southern California and the southern US, which is used to run air conditioners: the energy "load from hell" as utilities refer to it. While energy demand is high because of A/C in summer, power is expensive for utilities to produce, often requiring bringing on line dirty fossil fuel burning plants in urban areas (defeating Clean Air Act targets) with costs to the utility as high 50 cents a kilowatt hour. Solar power is ideal for air conditioning in that it provides peak power precisely when demand for A/C is highest, an ideal energy demand 'load-match'. This application provides a potentially lucrative market for the solar industry. Utilities therefore have a vested interest in reducing this summertime demand and the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), a public utility, helped fund the existing test and is interested in the advanced system. - Similarly, the US Department of Energy is also interested in demonstrating cost effective energy saving applications of this system. If the cost of collector units can fall through mass production and installation costs are supported by utility rebates, the potential is limitless for solar powered absorption air conditioning providing the majority of southern california (and much of southern US) domestic, residential and commercial day time air conditioning. CECs mission is to promote where economically feasible, renewable energy resources, diversity and increased security of energy supply. Phil Misemer, (916) 654-4552. 6. Zeolite / Water Cooling Systems (See p.15 of companion report) ZEOPOWER COMPANY, Natick, Massachusetts. Zeopower is an innovative company that has developed for production, a unique zeolite, water refrigerant refrigeration and A/C system. Zeolites are a family of materials with a unique open, cage-like crystal structure which makes them capable of absorbing large quantities of refrigerant gases, of which water is most efficient, and allow high efficiencies within absorption heat pump cycles. Zeopower's most recent project is development of a similar system as a gas 1.5 ton fired heat pump for cooling and heating, with support of the GAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, for residential and small commercial applications. The system has comparable start up costs and is more energy efficient than CFC/HCFC systems. One test showed around half the energy use and costs of electric powered CFC/HCFC heat pumps for heating cooling over a year, compared to TRANE CORP. and CARRIER CORP. versions. The heat pump variant can be powered by waste heat, oil, gas, wood chip or solar energy. Originally a DOE and National Science Foundation grant to Dr Tchernev showed the feasibility of solar powered zeolite cooling and heating from the same unit. Zeopower developed a zeolite cryogenic cooling device for NASAs infrared satellite sensors. This led to the solar icebox (with no moving parts) now in use by the World Health Organization for medical supplies. Zeopower has contracted for several applications, for example cooling of remote communication facilities in the Middle East. Zeopower has had several R&D contracts but no firm manufacturer as yet, but the Japanese PAIKIN CORP. heating and cooling company is now working with Zeopower. Dr Dimiter Tchernev, Patricia Trundy, (508) 655-4125. 7. Stirling-Cycle Helium Systems (See p. 15 of companion report) Note: In Europe the Swedish-based ELECTROLUX, in Spanish and Italian subsidiaries have worked with an engineering firm (IST in Israel) to develop and test a small prototype domestic refrigerator using Stirling Cycle. Tests have achieved a 10-15% efficiency improvement over comparable CFC-12 systems. CARRIER CORPORATION (UNITED TECHNOLOGIES), Syracuse, New York. Carrier is one of the big three HVACR manufacturers in the US. In April 1991 the Wall Street Journal reported Carrier investigating Stirling refrigeration. Carrier confirms that it has spent millions in Stirling Cycle research, but the marketed product thus far has been for cryogenic medical applications (using helium) for very low temperatures. Carrier has no current plans to expand into domestic or commercial uses, citing cost of the units. Jon Sanberg, (203) 674-3132. GENERAL PNEUMATICS, Scottsdale, Phoenix, Arizona. General Dynamics has successfully developed a Stirling Cycle engine for cooling under funding from the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which had requirements for cooling in military applications. Their designs, however, have not managed the leap to other commercial applications. Stephen Zylstra, (602) 998- 1856. MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INC (MTI), Latham, New York. MTI is a large science based hi-tech development and marketing company. The Power Systems Division is the largest US based team of designers and engineers working on Stirling Cycle engines. One MTI project involves power production for the NASA Space Station using Stirling Cycle engines. MTIs Stirling Cycle design is applicable to HVAC and refrigeration, to power vehicles and buses solely or in hybrid engines (having already successfully powered autos) with low emission, as compressors and generators. Another project is the residential Heat Activated Pump (HAP) now that would be a "free-piston" design Stirling Cycle Heat Pump (3kw) using natural gas in order to provide power to, ironically, a traditional CFC/HCFC compressor even though Stirling Cycle can provide the refrigeration cycle itself. This HAP is in association with Lennox Industries and under sponsorship by the Gas Research Institute, Consolidated Natural Gas Co. and Department of Energy. MTEs pre-production line of Stirling Cycle engines requires manufacturing partners. MTI acknowledges that Stirling refrigeration and cooling unfortunately generate the least interest from larger sir conditioning sad refrigeration manufacturers, while the power production application produces more work. However, MTI is currently working with the US Department of Defense on a combined Stirling Cycle power unit with attached reverse Stirling cooling cycle to provide both power and air conditioning for battlefield conditions. Bruce Goldwater, Gary Antonelli, (518) 785-2299, (518) 785-2859. (See Ch.IV, p.12) OAKRIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY / MARTIN MARIETTA, Oakridge, Tennessee. DOE funding has existed over the last few years to develop Stirling Cycle refrigeration and A/C for domestic applications, in the energy division of Oakridge under Dr F.C. Chan. The project is quite convinced of its cost viability once in mass production and its energy efficiency. The future of the project is unclear however. Dr. F.C. Chan, (615) 5744712. STIRLING TECHNOLOGY COMPANY, Richland, Washington. Stirling Tech. has emphasized development of long-life Stirling machines for various uses, including a 300 watt domestic refrigerator and heat pump. Research has received DOE funding and there is a continuing Martin Marietta feasibility effort for a Stirling engine for producing power. One design was used by Oxford University (IJEC) to create the path breaking "Oxford freezer" unit, which showed feasibility of very low temperature use of Stirling engines. Brad Ross, (509) 375 4000. STIRLING THERMAL MOTORS, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Stirling Thermal has a general purpose Stirling Cycle engine (STM4-120) based on 30 years of data and research, which they contend has overcome previous reliability shortcomings of earlier Stirling devices. It is ideally suited to refrigeration and freezing, but manufacturers remain resistant. One of the likely niche markets, for mid-term applications, includes deep temperature cryo- coolers for medical applications. Near term commercialization options being pursued are industrial generator sets, solar thermal power and co-generation systems. The initial application is automotive power production as an add on to diesel engines, with demonstrated performance and fuel efficiency equivalent to diesel. Christine Lewis, (313) 995-1755. SUNPOWER, Athens, Ohio. Sunpower is an innovative entrepreneurial research and development company that has developed advanced prototypes of Stirling Cycle engines, and holds 30 patents that represent technical advances in the Stirling Cycle field. Sunpower utilizes a unique "free-piston" design that increases efficiency in every area, reduces wear and allows a hermetically sealed unit with no need for maintenance, overcoming the disadvantages of earlier Stirling Cycle engines. In Stirling Cycle the Helium gas is shuttled back and forth in the engine, expanded at the cold air input end to absorb heat and compressed at the warm end to reject heat into the environment. Sunpower has a Stirling Cycle domestic sized refrigerator compressor design using helium as refrigerant gas, that is more efficient at cooling than HCFC-22 for very low temperature refrigeration and freezing, and more energy efficient. The test design has some 6,000 hours of continuous working without apparent component wear, and a design life of the required 100,000 hours. High volume production would put the refrigerator unit under $200. Sunpower also has a Stirling Cycle power generator, fluid pump and heat pump of similar free-piston design. Sunpower designs are applicable to air conditioning, refrigeration, freezing, food transport, freeze drying and medical uses. Major manufacturers are now showing some interest based on the rising price and eventual phase-out of CFCs and HCFC-22, and new stringent Federal energy consumption regulations for January 1993. William Beale, John Crawford, (614) 594-2221. 8. Evaporative Cooling Systems (See p.13 of companion report) EVAPORATIVE COOLING INSTITUTE, SOUTHWEST TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, University of New Mexico. The Evaporative Cooling Institute is a clearinghouse for information on evaporative cooling manufacturers and technological developments in the U.S. The institute emphasizes that with technological advances, evaporative cooling is no longer confined to dryer areas of the US (35%), that new "indirect cooling" allows use of evaporative systems in another 40% of the US, and is often combined with new drying or desiccant technology. Also that add-on or "pre- cooling" units can be used anywhere in the US to displace existing CFC/HCFC/HFC cooling capacity with great energy savings. The ECI stresses the difficulties of evaporative cooling breaking into newer markets in the more humid east, where they often rely on distributors and suppliers who are not up to date with evaporative technology and who also distribute HCFC/HFC cooling technology. Robert Foster, (505) 646-1846 / 646-4104. (See MUNTERS, Florida, below, for more information on the ECI). ADA SYSTEMS, Wood Dale, Illinois. ADA is a major manufacturer and contractor for large scale indirect and direct type evaporative cooling A/C systems. ADA regards recent breakthroughs in indirect cooling as allowing effective and economical use of evaporative systems to displace CFC/HCFC cooling even in humid climates in east. ADA specializes in indirect-direct evaporative cooling modules, with high efficiency and claim 6 degrees F more cooling than most competitors. ADA also specializes in building waste heat recovery modules for energy savings that often have an add on evaporative cooling function. The ADA line shares some technology with Norsaire of Colorado (see below) and includes: "Maxicool", "Nim", "Norpak", and "Skandex" evaporative units, and "Viking" and "Sierra" heat recovery units (with evaporative add on). An ADA system will be installed in the worlds largest shopping mall in Minnesota. ADA has six manufacturing sites in the US, applications include industrial, commercial, hospitals, office buildings, warehouses and schools. Richard T. Sohr, (708) 238-1516. ADOBE AIR, Phoenix, Arizona. Adobe is perhaps the worlds largest manufacturer of evaporative air conditioning equipment over the last 50 years, with international business under the "Mastercool" line. "Mastercool" is diverse, and includes an advanced indirect type systems that better handles high humidity conditions in west and east, and two-stage cooling for lower delivered temperatures. Applications include residential and commercial, with savings up to 80% in some areas of equivalent CFC cooling. Ron Rosin, Darman Ollson, (602) 257-0060. AIR AND REFRIGERATION CORPORATION (ARC), Dallas, Texas. Since 1934 ARC has designed and sold a variety of commercial and industrial evaporative cooling and air conditioning equipment. Ronald Yaeger, (214) 747-0214. ALTON AIR PRODUCTS, Dallas, Texas. Alton is one of the larger, commercial contracting and evaporative air conditioning manufacturers. Harry Gaffney, (214) 941-0505. ARVIN INDUSTRIES, Phoenix, Arizona. Arvin Air division sells direct and indirect evaporative coolers, sold also through WILLIAM LAMB, North Hollywood, CA. with photovoltaic solar panels and accessories for solar electricity. (602) 257-0060 AZTEC INTERNATIONAL, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Aztec manufactures a complete line of indirect and direct evaporative coolers with high efficiencies and custom units of all types. Aztec's line includes very compact, advanced four-stage coolers that essentially dry cools outside air three times. Aztec contends their systems are efficient enough to be used virtually anywhere in the US without the need for a CPC system. Kenneth B. Beckmann, (800) 545-8300. BALTIMORE AIR COIL, Jessup, Maryland. Air Coil is a major international evaporative air conditioning equipment manufacturer under the "Psychronomic" label for dryer areas and as industrial pre-cooler use in humid as well as dry climates. Air Coil is also a major contractor for industrial cooling towers which rely on evaporation and displace CFC cooling. Robert Catef, (410) 799-6262. CHAMPION COOLER CORPORATION, El Paso, Texas. A leader in evaporative cooling, Champion manufactures some 40 mode!s of evaporative coolers for commercial, industrial and residential applications. Many are designed for the growing pre-cooler market in the humid east, but efficient designs are meant to provide all the cooling in many humid areas beyond the traditional market. Champion is also the largest manufacturer of portable systems for office, car, mobile homes. Domestic window mounted models claim 75% less energy costs in many areas. Paul Malooly, (800) 588-2665, (915) 542-0117. CONVAIR COOLER CORPORATION, Denison, Texas. Convair is a leading evaporative air conditioner contractor. Charles F. Myers, (903) 463-7191. DAVIS ENERGY GROUP (DEG), Davis, California. The Davis Energy Group makes a range of evaporative cooling systems, traditional, direct, direct-indirect types. One systems is the AMIDEC or "Attic Mounted direct-indirect Evaporative Cooling system" or AMIDEC (in the "Coolroof Range") for residential applications, now under field design tests on several residential houses in California with involvement of the California Energy Commission (CEC). CEC is concerned with security of energy supply, diversity of energy sources and energy savings and efficiency, and see CEC sees great potential for evaporative cooling all over the southern and mid California. CEC estimates that most areas of California are low enough humidity to make evaporative cooling useable in virtually all households. CEC believes that evaporative cooling if widely installed in individual households, could reduce energy use in California by 1,600 gigawatt hours annually by replacing or displacing CFC/HCFC cooling loads. CEC has worked with the Davis Group under the CEC Small Business Energy Program. (916) 753-1100. DES CHAMPS LABS, Livingston, New Jersey. Des Champs makes indirect type evaporative coolers using plate-type heat exchangers as pre-coolers designed to realize power savings in the North East. (201) 535-8300. DI PERI MANUFACTURING CORP., Northridge, California. Di Peri is a pioneer in the evaporative field with several patents. Di Peri has a compact indirect (sensible) evaporative cooling tubes in modules that can be used in series for energy efficient cooling, and puts no moisture in the inlet air, allowing recirculating and re-cooling. Applications include light-commercial and residential in much of California and pre-cooling, satisfied customers include ROHR INDUSTRIES. Leo Di Peri, (818) 885{>.011, Joe Corallis, (ROHR) (609) 691-2371 ENGINEERED COMMERCIAL CONCEPTS INC, (ECCI) Dallas, Texas. ECCI are makers of "HydroKool" products, utilizing an advanced digital control indirect evaporative cooling unit with steep temperature drops. The high efficiency system is leading to many sales in the more humid east, and is particularly cost and energy efficient for large warehouse and industrial applications, sales include both GM and Ford. William Crum, (214) 484-0381. ESSICK AIR PRODUCTS, Little Rock, Arkansas. Essick is an evaporative air conditioner manufacturer. Joseph Harnon, (501) 562-1094. FL REZNOR, Mercer, Pennsylvania. Reznor specializes in evaporative cooling designs sold on the humid east coast market as add on to conventional cooling system, lowering temperature of incoming air, displacing or complementing CFC cooling and delivering considerable energy savings. Richard Blasko, (412) 662-4400 (or THOMAS AND BETTS, Memphis Tennessee, John Garevelli (901) 682-7766.) FRY EQUIPMENT CO INC; Denver, Colorado. Fry is a leading sales and design engineer for evaporative cooling combined with dessicant dehumidification and conventional refrigeration systems for all applications. Louis N. Grounds, (303) 922-8442. GOETTL ENTERPRISES, Phoenix, Arizona. Goettle Enterprises is a leading evaporative air conditioner manufacturer, engineer and contractor. (602) 273-7483. MUNTERS, Fort Meyers, Florida. Munters is a major component manufacturer in evaporative cooling systems, and particularly evaporative cooling surfaces and materials used by other manufacturers. Sven Lundin, President of Munters is a pioneer in evaporative cooling and add-on evaporative pre-coolers that keep cost of energy use down in conventional coolers. Ms Pat Thomas, (813) 936-1555. NORSAIRE SYSTEMS, Denver, Colorado. Norsaire is a leading designer and manufacturer of large indirect/direct evaporative cooling units, having built what is believed to be the world's largest indirect/direct systems (330,000 cfm) for the Western Linen Company in Las Vegas, NV. Since 1979, Norsaire has produced more than 13,000,000 cfm of product, with applications in industrial, commercial, office buildings, schools, prisons, warehouses and military installations. Norsaire's patented "Nordex" indirect heat exchanger, fabricated from unique aluminum plates, is currently the highest efficiency water evaporative heat exchanger commercially available (confirmed at Center For Energy Studies, University of Texas, Austin). The Nordex further increases energy savings by recovering exhaust heat during the winter months and using it productively. Employed as a pre-cooler, the Nordex will display impressive payback virtually anywhere in the US, as it displaces refrigeration loads, reduces peak electrical demand, and enables reduced size of conventional CFC/HCFC/HFC cooling systems. Norsaire also specializes in "regenerative indirect" cooling designs, whereby the interior space air of a building (which usually has a lower temperature than outside air), is used to drive the evaporative cooling process, further increasing the Nordex's already high cooling efficiency. As a result, a Norsaire unit will deliver comfort cooling in a far larger area in the US than the dryer areas in which evaporative cooling is customarily found. And it will do so with significant year around energy saving and high interior air exchange rates to maintain better indoor air quality than can CFC/HCFC or HFC equipment. Typically, Norsair equipment will operate with a reduction in energy consumption of up to 80% over CFC/HCFC cooling, and less maintenance costs. Norsaire's designs can be combined in different ways for differing needs and the line includes Nordex patented heat exchangers (above), the "Skandia" and "Cascade" systems (indirect/direct systems), "Zephyr" systems (direct evaporative cooling) and "Norpak" (rigid media evaporative cooler). Among the roughly 375 installations as far afield as California, Washington state, Oregon and the southwest states, are Brown Printing, America West Airlines, Department of Energy, the US Post Office and Westminster Shopping Mall. Dr John Kinney, (303) 937-9595. PNUMOFIL CORP., Charlotte, North Carolina. Pnumofil offers a broad range of products in the evaporative sector, including engineering contracting, patented direct and indirect evaporation designs, air filters and washers. Wayne Cuthbertson, (704) 399-7441. REY INDUSTRIES INC, Boise, Idaho. Manufactures three sizes of large capacity of evaporative cooling units for commercial and plant cooling. Robert E. Yearsley, (208) 336-4821. SPEC-AIR, Canutillo, Texas. Spec-Air manufactures indirect and direct evaporative cooling modules and packaged air conditioners for institutions and industries; and air washers, combined conventional and evaporative air conditioning packages and precoolers. Stephen L. Callahan, (915) 877-3136. SPRINKOOL SYSTEMS INC, Killen, Alabama. An evaporative cooling manufacturer that installs roof based water spray evaporative systems for commercial and industrial applications, and from 1993 domestic home roof applications. Controlled water sprays remove heat by evaporation from large roof areas, reducing interior temperature. This evaporative cooling can inexpensively displace or add on to, conventional CFC/HCFC type A/C systems while greatly reducing energy and maintenance costs. Customers include GE, Anheuser Busch and now Westinghouse. Maybelline in Little Rock, Arkansas saved over $1 million in running costs in three years from installation versus conventional CFC/HCFC mechanical cooling. Charlotte Balentine, (205) ?57-5366. UNIV. ARIZONA ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY / PLANETARY DESIGN CORP. Tucson, Arizona. This joint venture has produced the "Cool Tower" technology, a passive cooling system for low humidity climates in the west. Cool Tower uses natural updraft chimneys to create a flow of cool air without fans or blowers, cool air is heavier and will fall inside the tower and create an air flow. (602) 294-4808. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA / SACRAMENTO MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT, Sacramento, California. Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) is continuing a demonstration and ground study of the potential for residential evaporative cooling in California. SMUD is examining models of different manufacturers to put them in the demonstration program. As of April 1, 1992 SMUD offers a $75 rebate for evaporative cooling installation and intends to expand the program, the demonstration testing by the utility improves consumer confidence to invest in evaporative systems. Research data by Dr Wu (with Evaporative Cooling Institute) demonstrates that advanced indirect evaporative cooling could handle the entire cooling needs for most of California's quite dry and highly populous 16 distinct climatic zones, particularly when using solar power during the day. Although water use remains an issue, estimates suggest evaporative systems might account for only 2-10% of typical water use in households the great energy savings may overcome the disadvantage of water use. Dr Hofu Wu (ECI), (714) 869-0527, Bruce Vincent (SMUD), (916) 732-5397. VARI-COOL, Hastings, Nebraska - Santa Rosa, California. A division of Hastings Industries, sells packaged direct and indirect evaporative cooling equipment, with low energy use design, utilizing unique heat exchanger cores. Dennis Dworshak, (402) 463-9821. 8. Desiccant Cooling. (See p.12 of companion report) ALBERS AIR CONDITIONING CORPORATION, (Al-Essa, Saudi Arabia. British Gas PLC, UK) Tempe, Arizona. Albers, with Al-Essa and British gas, is developing a liquid desiccant A/C system using lithium bromide in a spray to remove water vapor from incoming air, and which combines evaporative and desiccant cooling. Now in pre-manufacturing and field testing for marketing in late 1994, it will be primarily a light commercial 5 ton system and later a residential scale 3 ton system. Albers will develop a 20 ton cooling system with British Gas. Unlike a conventional system, this liquid desiccant design can be used in higher humidity areas in the US. Kevin Gee, (602) 820-4280. CARGOCAIRE, (MUNTERS), Amesbury, Massachusetts. Major manufacturer of large desiccant and dehumidification air conditioning systems for a variety of industrial and commercial applications (with 15 variants), which can reduce temperatures by as much as 40/50 degrees Fahrenheit, and can be used US wide as add-ons to conventional systems. Hratch Adourian, (508) 388- 4600. ICC TECHNOLOGIES, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ICC has developed a market leading latent air conditioning system under the "Desi/Air" and "Desi-Gen" name, that dehumidifies, cools, and improves the quality of indoor air: an increasing need given Federal air quality standards for indoor air. An outside air supply passes through a slowly rotating desiccant wheel that removes up to 90% of the humidity, then the air is cooled with the tightly controlled addition of moisture, but humidity of the air does not rise. One ICC model can process 80 degree outside air to 60 degrees with less humidity. The ICC systems have no traditional compressor, that uses most of the energy. The ICC system can be used alone in most areas of the US (or as an add on "pre-cooler" and reduce the size of any complementary traditional CFC/HCFC cooling), while using less energy be it electric or natural gas. This is because some 45-50% of the load for CFC/HCFC air conditioning is essentially dehumidification. For example, existing supermarket installations are saving 10-15% on energy bills and displacing other costly equipment and particularly efficient is the use of waste heat in larger buildings to dry the desiccant wheel. The advanced desiccant ETS (TM) is supplied by ENGLEHARD laboratories and can absorb up to 100% more water than existing desiccants. The "Desi" systems are already installed in 50 or so different locations, and are now being widely marketed for use in supermarkets, manufacturing plants, offices, hotels, hospitals, and for medium sized residential air conditioning. The latest version launched in January 1993 is "Desert Cool" a five ton unit designed for large residential or light commercial buildings. Similar systems are being developed to heat and cool single-family homes, the final production line will range from 0.5 to 100 ton. "Desert Cool" will be field tested by the natural gas industry in 1993, looking to expand use of gas powered cooling and heating. Current installations of other ICC models include some 45 supermarkets and customers, H.J. Heinz, Acme Click, Fiesta Mart, retail giant J.C. Penney. A contract with the 2,600 store Cub Foods (Super Valu) of Georgia could see "Desi" systems in new stores every few months. ICC has a contract with the Gas Research Institute (GRI) for a next generation system. (215) 625-0700. LA ROCHE CHEMICAL, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. La Roche in joint research with the Gas Research Institute (GRI), is developing a dry desiccant cooling system using gas power, designed to utilize as much fresh air as possible. The system is in the prototype testing stage and 1-2 years from full marketing. Commercial and residential applications will include high humidity areas. Terry Parker, (504) 356-8570. MUNTERS, Selma, San Antonio, Texas. "Munters Dry Cool" are stand alone desiccant units with conventional chiller parts using a dry desiccant wheel. "Dry Cool" covers 20 ton - 80 ton cooling loads including large commercial applications like supermarkets, hospitals and ice rinks. The units displace CFC/HCFC use by handling the dehumidification aspect of cooling and save energy. Larry Klekar, (210) 651-5018. NEW THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES INC., Clearwater, Florida. New Thermal Technologies Inc (NTTI) has developed a solar powered desiccant air conditioning system, that is the first of its kind in the world. The system designed by NTTI uses vacuum solar tubers manufactured by THERMOMAX USA Ltd of Winter Park, Florida, and a desiccant unit built by NTTI, to dry, cool and purify the air in an otherwise hot humid environment. The two components of the system embody proven technology, but the solar-desiccant combination is a first. In the system, hot humid outside air is drawn through a filter and directs it through a desiccant (drying) wheel, where lithium salts remove moisture, the wheel is powered by three sets of 200 Thermomax evacuated glass solar tubes, where the air temperature is raised thus drives off moisture collected in the desiccant. Then the air directed through a heat exchanger which removes the heat from the air that goes into the building. Desiccant dehumidification makes it economical to maintain lower relative humidity, creating a more cooled feeling for occupants, than is possible with CFC cooling. The advanced solar collectors of the vacuum Thermomax tubes are 3-5 times as efficient as conventional photovoltaic cells, and particularly useful for cloudier climates. Hopes are the system will be used extensively by the Kentucky Fried Chicken Company, which is testing an initials system in a KFC outlet in Petersburg, Florida. The initial start up cost of installing NTTI unit 2003SE was $30,000 but payback on saved energy cost is predicted to be occur within three years as the system uses half the energy of conventional CFC/HCFC/HFC cooling: delivering equivalent cooling for half the costs. NTII hopes to have a manufacturing plant at Pinellas County, Florida by the end of 1992 that will employ initially 150-300 people, to provide a potentially huge market across the southern US. Tom Hersey, (813) 532-9921. SOMERSET TECHNOLOGIES, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Kathabar Systems Division is a leading manufacturer of commercial and industrial scale dehumidification systems, with numerous variants of the advanced "Kathabar" units. The units use a unique chemically stable liquid desiccant "Kathene", and can provide up to 5000 lb moisture removal for use in high humidity areas. They can add on and displace conventional CFC/HCFC cooling and add on to evaporative cooling systems. Joe Pash, (908) 356-6000. 9. Thermo-Acoustic Cooling COOLSOUND, Port St. Lucie, Florida. Coolsound has a license patent for use of thermo-acoustic technology in air conditioning from the Department of Energy, Los Alamos. Coolsound is a small innovative start up company aiming for a working prototype next year. The planned system uses sound waves to compress inert helium gas and extract heat. The system would be ideal for solar power applications throughout the south. The system is potentially much more energy efficient in all applications, as well as non-ozone depleting and having no global warming potential. Coolsound is looking at the entire residential, commercial and industrial air conditioning market. The system is larger than Sonic Compressors compressor design (see below). New energy efficiency rules and utility rebates should greatly encourage marketing of the system. However, Coolsound needs a manufacturing partner and investment to produce full prototypes. Current production offers from foreign countries may force Coolsound to manufacture and market elsewhere. (Coolsound is also working on Stirling Cycle refrigeration). Frank Wighard, (407) 337-5113. LOS ALAMOS LABORATORY, New Mexico. Sonic compression or 'sound wave refrigeration', uses sound to compress refrigerants which replaces the traditional compressor and need for lubricants. The technology could represent a major breakthrough using a variety of refrigerants, and save up to 40% in energy. The system is also an energy saving drop in for current compressors, and projected mass production cost is very low. Mr Greg Swift (Los Alamos), (505) 667-5061, 665-0640 MODINE CORPORATION, Racine, Wisconsin. Modine is a worldwide corporation with an environmental products division. Modine has patents on numerous condensors, evaporators and heat exchangers for ammonia based refrigeration. Modine is now reportedly developing sophisticated heat exchangers to remove heat as part of the acoustical refrigeration development being undertaken by several companies. Jim Fireston, (414) 636-1200. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL / LOS ALAMOS, Monterrey, California. The Space Thermo Acoustic Refrigerator (STAR) flew on Space Shuttle in January 1992 and attained minus 73 degrees C using sound waves. The device focuses sound waves into a chamber using alternate compression and expansion cycles; and a gas pumps heat into baffles where it is removed. Acoustic cooling has received mixed government and corporate support, and the Naval Postgraduate school is ready to begin practical development of a model suitable for a kitchen refrigerator. Invented as early as 1982, Thermo-acoustic refrigeration works best with inert gases such as helium and argon which are harmless, nonflammable, non-toxic, non-ozone depleting or global warming. The system has no moving parts and is judged inexpensive to manufacture. General Electric has been involved but has approached patenting the device with some nonchalance. Steve Garrett, (408) 646-2540, (408) 646-2486 Paul Marto, (408) 624-6833, (408) 646-2989, (Space Systems) (408) 646-2772. SONIC COMPRESSORS SYSTEMS INC, Glen Ellen, Virginia. Tim Lucas is inventor of sonic (thermo-acoustic) compression from his work with Los Alamos Laboratory. The principle can be imagined as a loudspeaker creating high amplitude sound waves, that can compress a refrigerant allowing heat absorption (although it is very quiet). Sonic Compressors has now formed partnership with a refrigerator manufacturer, and is aiming for a demonstration domestic refrigerator in early 1993, with large scale production in two years (1994). The system could use any refrigerant, including non ozone depleting or global warming inert gases like argon. The compressor can also solve the compatibility problem of HFC-134a (which has a high global warming potential) and lubricant oils required in existing compressor designs, that is troubling the HVACR industry. Sonic Compressors has demonstrated 30-40% less energy use with a variety of refrigerants and applications include freezers and window air conditioners. Tim Lucas, (804) 262-3700. 10. Thermoelectric, Magnetic ASTRONAUTICS CORP., Madison, Wisconsin. Astronautics is developing magnetic cooling based on the superconducting magnetic caloric effect, whereby heat can be removed from objects in a magnetic field. Currently in research and development and looking for a partner, magnetic cooling could be used in industrial applications perhaps replacing ammonia for deep temperatures or even commercial A/C. There are currently several Department of Energy contracts concerning development of magnetic cooling. Richard Poster, (608) 221-9001. THERMOTREX CORPORATION, (division of THERMO ELECTRON TECHNOLOGIES) Waltham, Massachusetts. Thermotrex is the industry leader in thermoelectric cooling modules, which utilize the properties of semi-conductors to cool or heat depending on the direction of DC current passed through them. They are small, have no moving parts are very quiet, solid state, and will cool or heat from -100c to + 125 degrees centigrade. They are already used to cool electronic components, fibre optics equipment, infrared and biomedical instruments, since as long ago as 1950s. They are now entering the market in refrigerators for college dorms and even to cool large picnic baskets. They are judged cost efficient for smaller refrigeration systems, such as domestic refrigerators, room air conditioners and auto air conditioners, while economies of scale production will lower costs. According to Los Alamos Laboratory testimony to the Senate Science and Transportation Comrnittee in May 1992, "for small refrigeration systems thermoelectric cooling modules can be developed into cost effective, environmentally safe, reliable replacements" for CFCs and HCFCs. Pat Clery, (617) 622-1125. 11. Malone Cycle Refrigeration, Single Piston compression refrigeration DAVID TAYLOR RESEARCH INSTITUTE (DTRI), Annapolis, Maryland. The Taylor research laboratory conducts Navy research and has been examining CFC alternatives, Malone Cycle refrigeration uses fluids like liquid carbon dioxide, dilute mixtures of methanol or ethanol, which would be safe and environmentally benign technologies. The cycle involves compression of gases to 2000 pounds per square inch, and rapid compression and expansion. Its applications would be large scale air conditioning, and residential heat pumping. Several years work is needed before commercialization according to DTRI, but estimates suggest it would be more efficient than current large refrigerators. According to Los Alamos testimony in May 1992, an expected 10% more efficiency plus use in half of all cooling equipment in US would mean millions of tons of fossil fuel and CO2 emission saved each year. A proof of principle prototype exists at Los Alamos and at Annapolis. Mr Greg Swift, (Los Alamos) (505) 6675061, 665 0640. Jim Hanrhihan (Annapolis), (410) 357-3308. SUNPOWER, Athens, Ohio. Sunpower is an innovative entrepreneurial research and development company that has a working prototype of a unique new compressor design utilizing a single piston. This widens the possible refrigerant candidates to many other gases instead of just HFCs (and overcomes the lubricant requirements for HCFCs and HFC-134). This was developed successfully with an EPA development contract and manufacturers are now showing interest in this design. William Beale, (614) 594-2221. 12. CO2 refrigeration, Ice Pond process cooling (See p. 15 of companion report) CRYOCON CONTAINERS INC, PACIFIC SHIPPING SYSTEMS INC. Cryocon is marketing a freight refrigeration system using CO2 instead of CFC/HCFC as refrigerant, in partnership with PACIFIC Shipping Systems. The design was recently tested on a 48 foot domestic inter-modal container, and performed better than conventional systems on a five and a half day rail trip. The system can be installed in thin skin containers, ISO containers and road and rail trucks. Cryocon contends it is more economical and needs less maintenance than traditional CFC based types. Cryocon is working on an over-road container trailer, for customers ranging from an international foods distributor to frozen food processors. GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL / NEW YORK STATE ENERGY R&D AUTHORITY, Rochester, New York. Genencor and the New York State Energy R&D Authority have developed and tested the "Snoma" Enhanced Natural Thermal Storage (SENTS) "ice-pond" technology. SENTS involves a spray cooling system that produces ice and cold water which is collected in a lined pond, the chilled water is then drawn off and run in to a commercial or industrial building to provide process cooling (ie cooling required in manufacturing, eg breweries, dairies, food processing). After passing through a heat exchanger, the water is returned to the pond by way of an overhead spray system. Among the innovations are Genenoor's patented "Snowmax Snow Inducer," a dried bacterial protein used for snow and ice making efficiently converts water droplets to ice. Now fully developed, Genencor says SENTS represents a financially attractive alternative for virtually any medium or large industrial user of refrigeration located in even moderately cold climates; This can operate at 15-20 times the energy efficiency of current CFC/HCFC compressor chiller equipment, and able to displace some of the largest demand for CFC/HCFCs/HFCs refrigerants, in large industrial chillers. Kaj Huld, (716) 277-4300. 13. Auto Air Conditioning (Special Section) (See p.12-15 of companion report) Note: The auto industry has opted for HFC-134a as the current replacement for CFC-12 (Freon), while this has the advantage of missing the step of using ozone depleting HCFCs, HFCs are potent global warming gases. In Germany, ZEOTECH CO. is developing an adsorption system using a zeolite with applications for automotive air conditioning. Zeotech has a joint research project with BMW, the German automobile manufacturer, for an advanced non CPC/HCFC air conditioning in automobiles for the mid-199Os. ARTHUR D. LITTLE ASSOCIATES, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In a 1990 study by this prestigious research, development and testing company for US EPA ("Theoretical performance evaluation of alternative working fluids for automotive air conditioning") cyclopropane (HC-270) was found to have significant advantages over current industry choice HFC-134a. The study said that "while the automobile industry has been reluctant to consider flammable refrigerant alternatives, few non-toxic, non- flammable, zero Ozone depletion potential substances are available...similar to CFC-12 and HFC-134a. The flammable alternatives considered are of low cost and have low global warming potential..." The report recommended further examination of cyclopropane (and many other compounds). (617) 498-5000. CLIMATRAN, Englewood, Colorado. Climatran is an innovative producer of "Transit-Aire" bus air conditioning, that has been installed in over 500 buses. The system is an adiabatic air conditioning system that derives cooling effect from water evaporation, removing heat from the air stream. The system uses 90% less energy than CFC/HCFC systems. Tests also showed quicker and greater cooling than CFC based systems, maintenance and major use savings and the system has been approved by testing for DOD and General Services Administration. The system could be used in all but the most humid regions of the US. Climatran, however, has faced considerable structural governmental opposition in having the system tested, accepted and bought including the example of one local law that specified only Freon systems could be used. James Mattill, (303) 696-6466. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Oakridge National Laboratory, Tennessee. A 1991 DOE study regarding global warming impacts of CFC alternative chemicals, identified Cyclopropane as a "drop-in" replacement for existing auto air conditioning designs (that currently utilize Freon, CFC-12) with low global warming potential (GWP). Thus far the auto industry has opted largely for HFC-134a, a non-ozone depleting, but "heat trapping" or global warming gas, as a Freon (CFC-12) replacement. (615) 574-0712. DOMETIC CORP., Le Grange, Indiana. Dometic is a leading manufacturer of "Duo-Therm" brand patented absorption refrigerators and freezers for RVs, using mainly propane power but also electric sources. (Dometic also supplies thousands of small hotel, motel minibar refrigerators using absorption- cooling that are quieter than Freon refrigerators). Al Mc Guire, (219) 463-219, (219) 294-8665. ECOKING, CRYODYNAMICS INC., Mountainside, New Jersey. A small innovative development company, Ecoking has a production test model refrigerated truck using a modified, advanced Stirling Cycle motor. Dr Stephen Malakar is a pioneer in Stirling Cycle with over 100 patents but has spent considerable energy, resisting a takeover effort by Westinghouse Corp., leading to lengthy court battles. The truck unit is for very low temperature refrigeration, freezer applications. Ecoking is looking for a manufacturing partner. (Ecoking also has a home refrigerator based on Stirling Cycle in pre-production stage requiring a manufacture partner). Dr Malaker, (908) 317-9841. ROVAC INC., Rochdale, Massachusetts. Rovac has designed a new, unique "rotary air cycle" (or Rotary Vane Compressor) low pressure compressor for mobile air conditioning, in the pre- production and field testing stage. The compressor represents a leap forward in traditional compressor design, using less energy and suffering less wear and noise. The design originally used hydrocarbons like propane for a refrigerant gas, but the preference of industrial partner has forced a change to HFCs. There remains an intention to convert the design to evaluate ether as the refrigerant at a later stage. Ray Shey Jr. (508) 892-1121. STIRLING THERMAL MOTOR, Anne Arbor, Michigan. Stirling Thermal Motor has demonstrated an advanced type (variable displacement) Stirling Cycle machine, with high projected cooling efficiency. The above 1990 Oak Ridge National Laboratory overview of auto AIC alternatives recognized it as a promising application to mobile air conditioning. Its high energy efficiency would increase miles per gallon, if reliability and durability could be demonstrated. Due to industry preference for HFC-134a, however, other Stirling applications are being pursued by Thermal Motor first. Christine Lewis, (313) 995-1755. THERMOTREX CORPORATION (subsidiary of THERMO ELECTRON TECHNOLOGIES), Waltham, Massachusetts. Thermoelectric cooling modules utilize the properties of semi-conductors to cool or heat depending on the direction of DC current passed through them. They are small, have no moving parts and are very quiet, are solid state and will cool or heat from -100 to + 125 degrees centigrade. The 1990 DOE study (above) recognized the advantages of Thermoelectric designs including quick cooling, low maintenances and durability. Thermotrex claims they are cost competitive for smaller cooling requirements such auto air conditioners, home refrigerators, room air conditioners. Pat Clery, (617) 622-1125. 14. Passive cooling - reducing need for air conditioning Note: The promising area of new building and construction techniques and materials that lessen heat build up in buildings and that can therefore reduce the size and use of air conditioning systems installed during construction or refit, is beyond the scope of this report. This will be crucial to limit or reduce total demand for existing problematic refrigerants (CFC, HCFCs, HFCs) and save energy to power air conditioning systems. NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL), Golden, Colorado. NREL has designed a "smart" heat blocking window coating using electrochromic films that automatically change from transparent to opaque and back again when a small electric charge is passed through it. NREL has also developed a low cost method for applying this film to large areas of glass or plastic, called Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) that could open up a billion dollar market in the building industry. PECVD is some ten times faster than conventional techniques of applying heat blocking coatings, and thus far cheaper. By preventing unwanted heat from entering a building and reducing the need for air conditioning, the capacity of the air conditioning unit designed into the building can be reduced. Some 60 million square meters of windows are installed every year in the US, creating a peak demand for electricity to power A/C of some 1,600 megawatts, controlling this demand could displace the oil imported from Alaska according to NREL. Use in automobiles glass could also prevent heat buildup in stationary vehicles, displacing or reducing the design size of auto A/C in the US. NREL is looking for industrial partners to further develop and license this technology. Dallas R. Martin (303) 231-1198. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY (LBL) / EPA, Berkeley, California. In January 1992 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and EPA completed a research project examining the benefits of community tree planting and adding light colored surfaces to buildings and paved surfaces called "Cooling Our Communities". Trees and light colored surfaces can curb rising urban "heat island" temperatures, which are typically 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit higher in the center of towns and cities than the suburbs. This program could "reduce air pollution, abate the greenhouse gas CO2 [from reduced energy use for A/C] and potential to lower rising urban temperatures. .. " according to then EPA Director William Reilly. A National Academy of Sciences report estimated that 25% of the energy use for air conditioning in the US could be avoided and billions of dollars saved, through the use of such cost effective methods. EPA Policy Planning and Evaluation (PM-221), (202) 233-9190. II. SOLVENTS AND CLEANING (See p.20 of companion report) INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE FOR OZONE LAYER PROTECTION (ICOLP), Washington DC. ICOLP is an association established by primarily larger corporations in the electronics and computer industry that shares technology information to speed replacement of ozone-destroying chemicals (ODCs) ahead of US and international regulatory timetables. ICOLP and EPA have completed five manuals on semi-aqueous acid aqueous cleaning and solvent recovery, and are working on a "no-clean" manual for general distribution. There are now dozens of major solvent users who have comprehensive ODC replacement programs, only a few of whom are listed below. For more examples, contact ICOLP. Mr Andrew Mastrandonas, (202) 737-1419. NATIONAL CENTER FOR MANUFACTURING SCIENCES (NCMS), Ann Arbor, Michigan. In December 1992 NCMS, an industry and government funded research center, released a major year long study regarding alternatives to ODS for the electronics and solvents industry. The NCMS study involved major companies such as AT&T and United Technologies Corp. (UTC), who tested numerous alternative substances and related processes including "no- clean" technology, on over 130 commonly used industrial materials. The final study will provide a detailed database designed to speed ODC replacement. Clare Vinton, (313) 995-0300. 1. "No clean" technology, low solids / residue flux (See p.21 of companion report) Note: many of the following companies also sell aqueous or semi- aqueous cleaning agents and systems (see below). Some also continue to market cleaning products using ODCs. Most major electronics industry leaders, such as IBM are in the process of qualifying and applying "no-clean" technologies. ACCEL CORPORATION, Plano, Texas. Accel is an innovative young corporation that has designed a unique centrifugal aqueous cleaning and drying system for electronics component soldering. Valerie Owen, Steve Randolph (214) 424-3525. ALPHA METALS, Jersey City, New Jersey. Alpha sells a full range of in-line cleaning equipment, batch cleaning equipment, inert atmosphere soldering equipment and "no-clean" low-solid flux (and aqueous cleaning agents and semi-aqueous cleaning agents). Andy Hoover, (201) 434-6778. (Products also distributed through ARGUS INTERNATIONAL, New Jersey, (609) 466-1677. AIM PRODUCTS, Smithfield, Rhode Island. Aim is a new company solely devoted to "no-clean" fluxes and processes with the "291- AX" product line. Reportedly among the best tested for corrosivity and conductivity of the solder, Aim is working with ODC phase-out leader, DIGITAL CORP. Don Lockard, (401) 232-2772. AT&T ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Princeton, New Jersey. AT&T made one of the earliest decisions to eliminate CFC-113 and other ODC from its operations, using water based cleaning processes and now "no-clean" technology. AT&T has developed a "no-clean" low-solids fluxer with sprayer for higher efficiency, which requires no subsequent cleaning of flux and which has sold its 100th unit around the world. (609) 639-2593. COMPAQ, Houston, Texas. Compaq Corporation is a leading computer and software manufacturer that has developed a "no-clean" soldering process for printed circuit boards that employ materials that are non-corrosive and therefore can be left on the circuit boards, and requires no subsequent cleaning. (713) 370-0670. DETREX, Detroit, Michigan - Bowling Green, Kentucky. Detrex is a large corporation with a complete line of "no-clean" fluxes and pastes (and aqueous cleaning agents and systems). Michigan: Ralph Marker, (313) 6454890. Kentucky: (502) 782-2411. ESP INC, Lincoln, Rhode Island. ESP is a smaller innovative company specializing in only "no-clean" fluxes (and aqueous, water washable), currently striving for a near-zero residue soldering flux product. John Bova, (401)-3333800. HI-GRADE ALLOY CORPORATION, East Hazel Crest, Illinois. One of the larger pioneer companies in "no-clean" fluxes sad pastes with the "3590 series" (and aqueous cleaning agents). (708) 798-8300. INDIUM CORPORATION (AMERICA), Utica, New York. An international corporation in top four of solder sad solvents sector, that provides two "no-clean" low solid fluxes, "NCSMQ-51" sad "NCSMQ-71" and water soluble flux "WMA-SMQ-61". Steve Redmond, (315) 768-4400. INTEL, Santa Clara, California. A major international manufacturer of microcomputer components and early ODC phase-out leaders, Intel has already eliminated all of their use of ozone depleting compounds through the switch to a variety of "no- clean" fluxes sad pastes (and aqueous cleaning) with reported savings of over $1 million a year. Brian Recter, (408) 765-3241. KESTER SOLDER (LITTON SYSTEMS INC), Des Plains, Illinois. Kester is a top five international corporation in the solvent sad solder sector, that vends complete "no-clean" low-solids fluxes and pastes (and associated water soluble fluxes and pastes, including HUGHES types and follow-ons). Dave Scheiner, (708) 297-1600. LONDON CHEMICAL COMPANY (LONCO), Bensenville, Illinois. Major international supplier of "no-clean" low solids flux "Superlo Solids Flux" and pastes in 10 variants (and aqueous water soluble flux, now working on an aqueous non-VOC, biodegradable free version). Jim Norris, (708) 766-5902. MULTICORE SOLDERS, Richardson, Texas. Major top five solder, solvents international group leader, including "no-clean" "Xersisn-tech" low-solids fluxes (and other water soluble fluxes and pastes). Customers include General Electric. (214) 238-1224, Al Clark of X-XELL INC. (703) 786-6686. NORTHERN TELECOM, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada - Nashville, Tennessee. A multinational digital telecommunications corporation and major producer of printed circuit boards, Northern Telecom (NT) led the industry by being the first to eliminate all CFC-113 use in its operations through a switch to "no-clean" soldering processes with great savings. Had been using 1 million pounds of CFCs a year in the mid-1980s but NT was the first to phase-out and went quickly to "no-clean", with only some aqueous cleaning in the Santa Clara, CA. plant. Mary Lynn Hillier (Ontario), (416) 238-7162, (Tennessee) (800) 667-8437. QUALITEK INTERNATIONAL INC, Addison, Illinois. One of the larger solder, solvent sector companies specializing in "no-clean" systems: a low-solid "Delta" flux (type 670) developed for HEWLETT PACKARD electronics worldwide, and low-solids flux called (type 302), for foaming and spraying applications. Debbie Liguori, (708) 628-8083. QUAL-TEK ENTERPRISES, San Francisco, California. Qual-Tek produces aqueous cleaners particularly to replace methyl chloride. Dr Reider-Halle, Joe Brennan (415) 467-7887. SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES / MOTOROLA, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Sandia under Department of Energy funding and funding from defense oriented contractor Motorola Corp. is examining soldering method without fluxes. Sandia is examining several concepts including a thermochemical surface activation soldering process, a flux-less laser soldering process (and controlled atmosphere soldering, see below). Robert L. Inman, (505) 844-8834. SIEMENS, Iselin, New Jersey. Siemens is an international electronics corporation who was one of the leaders in the decision to phase out CFCs, decided in 1989 to use no more components cleaned with CFC-113 from suppliers. In 1992 Siemens developed a new soldering process with a special "no-clean" film rather than a traditional flux, that does not require subsequent cleaning. (908) 3214300/4346. SONO TEK, Poughkeepsie, New York - Santa Clara, California. Sono Tek has developed a low-solids flux, "SonoFlex" (and other water soluble flux and pastes) which are sold internationally. Scott Mallen, (914) 4714090. WESTEK, Arcadia, California. Westek produces in-line and batch water based cleaning technology and agents for use with water soluble flux and pastes. Michael Keating, Jim Banis, (818) 446-4444. 2. Inert/Controlled Atmosphere Soldering (See p.23 of companion report) ARGUS INTERNATIONAL, Hopewell, New Jersey. Argus products includes inert gas atmosphere soldering equipment that obviates need for flux in numerous applications. (609) 466-1677. BTU INTERNATIONAL INC, North Billerica, Massachusetts. BTU is an international company whose lines include an emphasis on "no-clean" inert atmosphere soldering equipment process with associated gases. Jerry Waldron, (508) 667-4111. HOLLIS AUTOMATION, Nashua, New Hampshire. Hollis supplies inert atmosphere soldering equipment that avoids the need for flux and cleaning in numerous applications (and aqueous cleaning agents). (603) 889-1121. SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES, Albuquerque, New Mexico / MOTOROLA, Illinois. This cooperative venture is near marketing of perhaps the largest commercial scale inert atmosphere soldering equipment process thus far. The inert atmosphere eliminates resin flux and therefore the need for subsequent cleaning. A dilute formic acid vapor in an inert nitrogen 'blanket', serves as an inert atmosphere that inhibits oxidation of components during soldering. It has been designed in part to meet high military specifications (MILSPEC) for electronics components. Motorola (708) 576-5000 / 397-5000; Sandia, Robert L. Inman, (505) 844-8834. VITRIONICS, (GRAM CLEANING SYSTEMS), Newmarket, New Hampshire. A leader in CFC replacement, Vitrionics manufactures inert atmosphere soldering equipment that avoids the need for flux and cleaning during soldering (also manufactures aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning agents under the "Enviro-clean" label). Gary Atalla, (603) 659-6550. 3. Aqueous Cleaning Agents and Processes (See p.23 of companion report) ADVANCED CHEMICAL INC, Lansdown, Pennsylvania. Advanced Chemical manufactures aqueous (and semiaqueous) soldering products. Mr. Asok, (215) 622-5400 / 861-6921. ALPHA METALS, Jersey City, New Jersey. Alpha Metals developed and sells aqueous cleaning agents (and semiaqueous cleaning fluids including "Bioact-Ec7" produced in joint development with PETROFERM). Mr Andy Hoover, (201) 434-6778. (Also sold through the related ARGUS INTERNATIONAL, New Jersey, (609) 466-1677). AMERICAN METAL WASH, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. American is a manufacturer of aqueous cleaning equipment for aqueous fluxes and solvents. (412) 7464203. BARON BLAKESLEE, Melrose Park, Illinois. Baron provides aqueous cleaning agents, and associated in-line and batch cleaning equipment to utilize them. (312) 450-3900. BOWDEN INDUSTRIES, Huntsville, Alabama. Bowden manufactures aqueous cleaning equipment. (205) 5333700. BRANSON ULTRASONlCS, Danbury, Connecticut. A major manufacturer of aqueous (and semi-aqueous) in-line and batch cleaning equipment systems, that can also employ ultrasonic sound wave agitation for cleaning effect. (203) 796 0400. BRULIN CORP., Indianapolis, Indiana. Brulin is one of the larger manufacturers in the sector that has developed a range of aqueous cleaning agents. Geoff Beard, (317) 923-3211. CHEMTRONICS INC, Kennesaw, Georgia. Chemtronics manufactures and vends aqueous (and semi-aqueous) solvents. (404) 424-4888, (516) 582-3844. CREST-ULTRASONICS, Trenton, New Jersey. Crest designed and sells the "Chem-Crest" aqueous cleaners range, and supplies associated aqueous cleaning equipment. Mr. Samu Awad, (609)-8834000. DELTA OMEGA TECHNOLOGIES INC, Lafayette, Louisiana. Delta-Omega developed the "DOT 111/113" one of the first biodegradable aqueous de-greasers, with exceptional non-toxicity and unusually low flammability and one of few qualified for US Air Force Military Specifications (MILSPEC) cleaning applications. The US Air Force is one of the major users of metal cleaners. Jim Janes, (318) 237-5091. DETREX, Detroit, Michigan - Bowling Green, Kentucky. Detrex is a larger corporation in the sector, with a complete line of aqueous cleaning agents and associated systems (and "no-clean" low solids fluxes and pastes). Michigan: Ralph Marker, (313) 645-0890, Kentucky: (502) 782-2411. DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, Maynard, Massachusetts - Augusta, Maine. A major electronics corporation and pioneer in ODC replacement (by 1994), Digital has been using aqueous cleaning systems in the production of printed circuit board assemblies since 1974, perhaps the earliest and most significant aqueous user. Digital was also first to patent an aqueous cleaner "Micro Droplet" and has since made this technology available worldwide with over 1000 enquiries while moving on to "no-clean" processes. Digital is also a mover behind the Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection (ICOLP). By 1993 most processes will employ "no-clean" low solids flux throughout Digital. Anne McDunner, (508) 467-7203, public affairs: (5083 493-5111 / 8366. DU BOIS, Cincinnati, Ohio. Du Bois is major corporation in the cleaning degreasing field and produces aqueous cleaners and water soluble fluxes with production plants in four states (PA, OH, CA, TX). Gary Sullivan, (513) 554-4200, (513) 762-6000 / 6839. ENVIROSOLV INC., Jacksonville, Florida. Early leader in the ODC replacement field has developed and sells a half dozen variants of aqueous (and semi-aqueous) cleaners under the "Re-Entry" label US and overseas in partnership with ASHLAND CHEM CO. Steve Collier, (904) 724-1990, (508) 653-7655. ESP INC, Lincoln, Rhode Island. ESP is a new and innovative company selling water soluble flux and agents. John Bova, (401) 333-3800. FINE ORGANICS CORPORATION, Lodi, New Jersey. A new company that produces "FO" aqueous solvents range. Lou Goldberg, (201) 472-6800. FREMONT INDUSTRIES, Shakopee, Minnesota. Manufacturer specializing in water based chemicals including the "400 series" aqueous cleaning range. Tom Siemering, (612) 445-4121. GENERAL DYNAMICS, Falls Church, Virginia - Fort Worth, Texas. In December 1992 General Dynamics (GD) became the first major military contractor with no use of CFC or ODC based solvents. GD is using water based degreasing processes; and a solvent called "FMS-2004" invented and patented by GD; and associated de- greasing fluid recycling technology pioneered at the GD plant in Fort Worth, Texas. Joe Sutherland, (703) 876-3189. GRAY MILLS, Chicago, Illinois. Gray Mills is a manufacturer of aqueous cleaning process equipment. (312) 268 6825. HI-GRADE ALLOY CORPORATION, East Hazel Crest, Illinois. One of the larger pioneer companies with aqueous cleaning agents (and "no-clean" fluxes and pastes). (7083 798-8300. HOLLIS AUTOMATION, Nashua, New Hampshire. Designed and supplies aqueous cleaning agents (and inert atmosphere soldering equipment). (603) 889-1121, 883-2488. HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, Fullerton, California. Designed and patented "HF-1189" an aqueous water soluble citric acid based flux for soldering that is cleaned with water. Some 1000 companies have enquired about the product, which is licensed through KESTER SOLDER, Des Plains, Illinois, (708) 297-1600. Hughes Environmental Systems (New York), Bob Beacham, (310) 536-5935 / (8003 262-HESI, or Fullerton (California), (714) 732-3232. IBM, Stanford, Connecticut. IBM is a good example of a major industry leader that has pioneered ODC phase-out using aqueous cleaning methods, and is qualifying a series of "no-clean" processes and equipment and involved in the latest ICOLP (see above) handbook with EPA on "no-clean" soldering technologies. Edan Dionne, (203) 973 7937. INDIUM CORPORATION (AMERICA), Utica, New York. An international corporation in the top five of the solder and solvents sector that provides water soluble flux "WMA-SMQ-61" (and two "no- clean" low solid fluxes, "NCSMQ-51" and "NCSMQ-71"). Steve Redmond, (315) 768-6400. JOHN TREIBER CO, Huntington Beach, California - Conway, Arkansas. Early leader from 20 years ago in the promotion and manufacture of aqueous cleaning systems, "John Treiber" brand. Also vend in-line cleaning system using water and water soluble flux with closed loop recycling. Contracts include Delco, IBM, Honeywell. Robert Conte, (714) 841-6264. KESTER SOLDER (LITTON SYSTEMS INC), Des Plains, Illinois. Larger international corporation in the solvent and solder sector, that vends water soluble fluxes and pastes, solvents and ("no-clean" low-solids fluxes and pastes). Dave Scheiner, (708) 297-1600. LONDON CHEMICAL COMPANY (LONCO), Bensenville, Illinois. London is a major internationally based supplier of aqueous water soluble fluxes, and now working on an aqueous non-VOC biodegradable versions. Jim Norris, (708) 766-5902. MODERN CHEMICAL INC, Jacksonville, Arkansas. Sells a patented formula for two variants of an aqueous cleaner for numerous applications. (501) 988-1311. MULTICORE SOLDERS, Richardson, Texas. Larger supplier in the top five of the solvents and solder market, and international vendor whose line includes water soluble fluxes and pastes. Customers include General Electric. (214)-238-1224, East: Al Clark of X- XELL INC. (703) 786-6686. OAKTITE PRODUCTS, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. Oaktite manufactures aqueous (and semi-aqueous) solvents and fluxes. K.P. Mitchell, (201) 464-6900. STOELTING INC, Kiel, Wisconsin. Stoelting provides aqueous cleaning process equipment. Barb Tasch, (414) 894-2293. VITRIONICS, (GRAM CLEANING SYSTEMS), Newmarket, New Hampshire. A leader in CFC replacement, Vitrionics manufactures aqueous (and semi-aqueous) cleaning agents in the "Enviroclean" range (and inert atmosphere soldering equipment). Gary Atalla, (603) 659-6550. 3D INC, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Since 1974 3D Inc. has been a leading corporation in the solvents and degreasers market, whose products include the aqueous "Supreme" range that is now undergoing qualification testing for Air Force Military Specifications (MILSPEC). (3D also produces the semi-aqueous "Citrogold" solvents range). Part of an international marketing alliance with TEC/NIQUES INTERNATIONAL LTD with RANSAHOFF, Hamilton, Ohio, and ENVIRONMENTAL R&D (E-RAD), Idaho Falls, Idaho. D. Bradley Miller, (616) 925-5644. 4. Semi-Aqueous Cleaning (See p.23 of companion report) Note: Many of the manufacturers in sections 2 and 3 above also sell semi-aqueous cleaners commonly utilizing hydrocarbons, alcohols, terpenes etc. AT&T, Basking Ridge, New Jersey. Among extensive processes used by AT&T to eliminate ODC use has been the development of an in- line, semi-aqueous terpene spray cleaner, and semi-aqueous solvents "n-butyl butyrate" and "BOIACT-EC7" developed with PETROFERM (see below). Rick Larris, (908) 221-2000. BASF CORPORATION, Parsippany, New Jersey. BASF has developed the semi-aqueous "NMP" product specifically for degreasing and silicon chip cleaning. (800) 543-1740. BELL INDUSTRIES, Santa Ana, California. Bell has developed specialized "Anchor" range hydrocarbon blends geared to removing ink soils for lithography, printing. (714) 545-7195. BOWDEN INDUSTRIES, Huntstville, Alabama. Bowden manufactures in line and batch semi-aqueous cleaning equipment. (203) 539-7917. DELCO, Kokoma, Indiana / KYZEN, Nashville, Tennessee. Both companies announced patents issued on a series of cleaning chemistries which use biodegradable alcohol mixtures for unique processes and formulations. The alcohol material is derived from vegetable and organic waste, and the cleaners will be marketed under the "Ionox", "Aquanox" and "Metalnox" names. Some have been used over the last two years by larger electronics and military contractors, and have now been successfully tested by US Department of Defense. Delco, Indiana, (317) 457-8461. Kyzen, Tennessee (615) 8310888. DOW CHEMICAL, Midland, Michigan. One of the big five US chemical companies, developed several semiaqueous cleaning systems, including one using glycol ether technology. (800)-441-4369. ENVIROSOLV, Jacksonville, Florida. Envirosolv developed and sells the "Re-Entry" range of solvents which are blends of terpenes and alcohols for circuit board cleaning. (904) 724-1990. GAF CHEMICALS, Irvine, California. Manufactures semi-aqueous "M- Pyrol" for metal degreasing and printing ink clean up. (714) 250-1147. GLADE CHEMICALS, Scottsdale, Arizona. Glade manufactures terpene based systems for electronic and metal working industries. (800) 922-2436. HAWKEYE INTERNATIONAL, Inglewood, California. Hawkeye sells "PC 2000" which is an aqueous circuit board cleaner to replace CFCs, that is a blend of surfactants, water soluble solvents and a corrosion inhibitor. Hawkeye also vends "EP-1000" a non-toxic, biodegradable heavy duty industrial cleaner, which can remove oil, dirt, grease, and grime from numerous surfaces such as most plastics, fabrics, metals or glass. A. C. Kelley, (213) 776-8828. INLAND TECH, Tacoma, Washington. A smaller company selling semi- aqueous blend of terpenes, hydrocarbons and ethers for various applications. (206) 922-8932. MICRO CARE CORP., Bristol, Connecticut. Leading developer of semi-aqueous cleaning agents primarily "Bioact-EC7M" (with PETROFIRM, Florida) and the "Ionox" range. In late 1992 Micro Care marketed a new alcohol cleaner "Pro-Clean" for hands on workbench metal cleaning, outside of contained batch cleaners. Jay Tourigny, (203) 585-7912. OAKTITE PRODUCTS, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. Oaktite developed "Citradet" is a semi-aqueous terpene based system with a citrus base. (800) 526-4473. PETROFERM, Fernandia Beach, Florida. Petrofirm was an early leader in CFC replacement products which includes semi-aqueous de-fluxer "Bioact EC-7" which is widely used with recovery package, and Advanced Vapor Degreasing Technology (AVD) using esters. Petrofirms is now in alliance with 3M and DETREX for worldwide marketing. (904) 261-8286. SAVOGRAN, Norwood, Massachusetts. Savogran sells a blend of esters specialized for removal of industrial finishes and adhesives. (800) 225-9872. 5. Specialized Cleaning, Dry Cleaning (See p.24 of companion report) CF TECHNOLOGIES, Dedham, Massachusetts. Manufactures and contracts for pressurized (supercritical) carbon dioxide cleaning systems. The CO2 process can remove oils, organic residues, adhesives, etc. from a variety of materials and components. (617) 461-2501. J.M. NEY MFG., Bloomfield, Connecticut. J.M. Ney sells a specialized ultrasonic cleaning/agitation process that can replace CFC cleaning, while using water based solvents. Ken King, (215) 242-2281. PHASEX CORP., Lawrence, Massachusetts. Phasex contracts a process for pressurized (ie super-critical) carbon dioxide cleaning, that removes oils, organic residues and adhesives, etc. from a variety of metals and other materials and components. (508) 794-8686. SAMCO USA, Sunnyvale, California. Samco vends a unique system where surfaces contaminated with organic material (oil etc) are exposed to UV light in the presence of ozone gas. Cleaning results from light triggered oxidization processes; for cleaning metal, glass, ceramics, quartz etc. (408) 734-0961. SUPERCRITICAL PROCESSING GROUP - LIQUID CARBONIC, Allentown; Pennsylvania. Supercritical sells a pressurized (super-critical) carbon dioxide cleaning equipment, for removing oils, organic residues, adhesives etc from a variety of materials. (215) 266-9636. ECOCLEAN, Boca Raton, Florida. Entrepreneur Richard Simon has developed a CFC free dry-cleaning process called "Ecoclean", now being used by Special Delivery Cleaners in Boca Raton, the system is water and steam based cleaning instead of ozone depleting chemicals. (407) 391-1662. III. FOAMS AND INSULATION (See p.31 of companion report) 1. CO2 and Water Blown Foams (See p.33 of companion report) CHRYSLER, Highland Park, Michigan. CFC blown foams have been eliminated by Chrysler in favor of primarily water blown foam techniques in most auto manufacturing processes (other ODC use is unclear). Mr Tom Cavalesci, (313) 576-8099. DOW CHEMICAL, Midland, Michigan. Dow supplies foam blowing systems for the CO2 and water foam blowing process, which pioneered 100% CO2 blown foam in mid-1980s. Dow has developed a system to prevent gradual CO2 diffusion (or loss) in foams called "Voranol 280" which uses polyether polyoll to bind the gas in the structure. This will allow long lived CO2 foam as an alternative for rigid foam type refrigerator and freezer insulation, which has been found to be more technically challenging to replace (see other solutions below). Dow also uses water blown foam for manufacturing auto products such as foam seats, headrests, noise insulation, sun visors, dashboards and steering wheels. (800) 258-4636, (800) 258-2436, (800) 441-4369. FORD, Utica, Michigan. Ford has stopped using CFCs in auto manufacturing process and soft and rigid foam production uses in favor of water blown foam as of 1991, utilizing dozens of supplier companies in this field (other ODC is unclear). Mr Spencer Teller, (313) 826-0391, John Emmert, (313) 322-9210. 2. Vacuum Panel Insulation (See p.34 of companion report) Note: Most major US appliance manufacturers are now expected to introduce vacuum panels instead of foam in some 93 or 94 refrigerator and freezer models. This has been driven by CFC phase-out and Federal energy efficiency standards that require 25% reduction in energy use for January 1993. Some 20-30 vacuum patents have been filed in the last-five years by different companies. However, in February 1993 Sharp Corporation has beaten US manufacturers to be the first to market a refrigerator freezer using vacuum panel insulation (VPI) in Japan. DEGUSSA CORP., Dublin, Ohio. The world's largest producer of synthetic silica, is a leader in development of vacuum panel insulation using precipitated silica for insulation and structure in the vacuum panel. Degussa has a pilot panel plant in Europe that is producing panels at a low rate and the company is fully committed to the product. Degussa is looking for US customers and US based production, to gain economies of scale production. The advantages of vacuum panels include elimination of CFCs in foam, lower thickness and therefore greater appliance interior space and greater energy efficiency. The panels are 3-5 times as effective insulators as CFC blown foams. New 1993 Federal refrigerator energy use standards will assist market introduction. Also use in combination with water blown foam to give structural rigidity is being examined. Kenneth Gwick, (614) 761-5484. GENERAL ELECTRIC, Fairfield, Connecticut. General Electric has been issued two patents for evacuated panels using a supporting filler material in the vacuum panel of precipitated silica in a metallized-plastic envelope, and the technology is in use by GE appliances division. David C. Warshaw, (203) 873-8476. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT), Boston, Massachusetts. MIT has worked on glass enclosed compacts of precipitated silica as a component to be distributed in foam boards. The thin glass envelopes may result in a lower permeability to gas, which can lower the effectiveness of the vacuum. The set of numerous vacuum compacts avoids the problem of a single penetration of a vacuum panel destroying the insulation value of a panel/foam composite. Mr L.R.Glicksman, (617) 253-1000. NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL), University of Colorado, Golden, Colorado. NREL (formerly the Solar Energy Research Institute) has researched and developed vacuum panel insulation to replace CFC blown foam called Compact Vacuum Insulation (CVI). CVI is based on a pure vacuum-panel with hard spacers for internal support (as opposed to silica cells etc). Its insulation value is independent of thickness and can be described as a classic thermal shield, which could have many applications replacing CFC/HCFC blown foam. Tests have delivered up to 10-14 times the insulation value of traditional urethane foam (although when installed in appliances gains will not be as high), but it is not in commercial use as yet; funding for the project has been unstable. Tom Potter, D.K. Bensen, (303) 231-1083 / 231-1000. (See Ch.VII, p.31) OWENS-CORNING, Granville, Ohio. Has developed a new CFC free insulation panel made of crafted fibre glass, inside a steel foil container, with some five to six times the insulation value of conventional polyurethane foam insulation. Another system using a double insulation of silica powder and silica aerogel is now under study, but Corning believes vacuum is better than silica powder and silica aerogel. MAYTAG a major appliance manufacture and EPA have been involved in the project, and 50% better energy use was recently demonstrated. Dr Warren W. Wolf, (614) 587-7525, Gregg Bronk, (419) 248-8004. 3. Silica-Aerogel and Gas-filled Panel Insulation (See p.34 of companion report) CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY (CIEE), Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California. The CIEE is a research consortium of utilities, universities and research laboratories whose mission is to identify and fund R&D and technology transfer that improves energy efficiency in buildings. CIEE has invented a technology of gas filled insulation panels using inert gases, that is simple to build and has good or better insulation values than CFC blown foam. Applications are numerous including buildings, autos, ships etc. Popular Science Magazine awarded the panels the best new product award for Home Technology, it has been licensed to a US company, initially for insulated transport of medical supplies. Bruce Davies, (510) 486-6457. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY, Berkeley, California. LBL is in the process of commercializing, along with private sector partners, a silica aerogel insulation product. The goal was for greater insulation values and lower manufacture costs than other silica aerogels. The LBL product has 3-4 times the insulation value per inch of traditional CFC/HCFC blown polyurethane foam. The product has various applications apart from insulation, Thermolux Co. of Richmond, California has assisted in development. Dr Arlon Hunt, (510) 486-5370, Bruce Davies (510) 486 6461. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY, San Francisco, California. Livermore has developed a silicon and carbon based aerogel with low density and high strength, nicknamed "solid-smoke" because of its transparency. One test demonstrated one third the conductivity of traditional CFC blown foam. "Solid-smoke" has been recently licensed to a manufacturer. Another product, "Seagel" foam, is made from agar sea weed and is also applicable to insulation purposes. Harry Dodson (510) 422-1100, Mary Beth Acuff, (510) 423-4432. WHIRLPOOL, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Whirpool has developed flat panels using inert gases such as argon and krypton with low thermal conductivity, which are expected to be introduced to models of home appliances soon. As of January 1993, Whirlpool is one of the two finalists (with Frigidaire) in the California utilities super energy efficient refrigerator (SERP) program and it is likely the design utilizes this technology. (616) 923 5000, Chuck Bercher (616) 923-5415, Mike Kauffman, (6163 923-5363. IV. AEROSOLS AND PROPELLANTS (See p.26 of companion report) Note: Since the Congressional ban on the use of CFCs in aerosols in 1977, some 85-90% of most propellants for domestic and industrial have become hydrocarbons, (mainly iso-butane, butane and propane mixtures), but with the rest utilizing some ozone destroying substances now to be phased out. 1. Propellant Gases (See p.25 of companion report) AIRCO INDUSTRIAL GASES, Birmingham, Alabama, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Airco is the distributor for ROCEP, Scotland (UK) (Canadian distributor is CANOX). Rocep has a patented "Polygas" propellant systems which represents a new generation unique propellant release mechanism, soon to be marketed in the US. It has the advantages of non-flammability, low VOC rating and no solvent abuse potential. It is based on concept of compressed gas absorbed into a polymer using a solvent as a carrier. The gas is released on demand without a pressure drop, and later reabsorbed back into a polymer, avoiding emissions. Initial use will be for aerosols using CO2. Dave Cobb (Alabama), (205) 254-1888, (New Jersey) (908) 464-8100. CCL CUSTOM MANUFACTURING, Danville, Illinois. CCL is the largest contract manufacturer in the US, for dozens of brand products and thus a major propellant user and packager. Since the CFC aerosol ban in 1977, CCL uses only blends of iso-butane, propane, butane, depending on pressure needed; carbon dioxide and nitrogen for various applications; finger trigger pump sprays, and solid stick applicators; and recently dimethyl ether and water, which allows a product that has alcohol to use less alcohol improving shelf life. CCL produces some 250 million separate propellant using units a year, on average using half an ounce of propellant gas. Ron Davis, (217) 442-1400. AEROPRESS, Shreveport, Louisiana. Aeropress is a major manufacturer of hydrocarbon aerosol propellants, and uses different gases for different requirements. Hydrocarbons also serve as solvents in some formulations which can be advantageous. CO2 and Nitrogen are also used by Aeropress in niche applications. Dimethyl-ether (DME) water soluble by 38 % by weight, and is good for water based formulations. Three billion aerosol units are produced in the US each year, with 70 million pounds each of propane, iso-butane and butane. President of National Aerosol Association, Harry B. McCain, (318) 2214282. L & F PRODUCTS. L&F products, markets "Lysol" a leading brand disinfectant spray which uses CO2 as propellant, not hydrocarbons. 2. Non-Aerosol Systems (See p.25 of companion report) Note: Medical inhalers that do not use CFCs include Spinhaler, Rotahalers and Diskhalers, with virtually all applications (except some infant inhalation needs) replaced, according to latest 1992 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Montreal Protocol Economic Assessment 1992. CHANEL, REVLON, WELLA, L'OREAL market personal care products using the EXXEL "Atmos" system mechanical pump pressure spray. PROCTOR AND GAMBLE, Cincinnati, Ohio. Vidal Sassoon "Airspray" uses unique finger pump air mechanism, that pumps up pressure mechanically, and that produces aerosol quality small droplets and is patented by P&G. Kimberley Stewart, (513) 983-3865. S.C. JOHNSON CO., Racine, Wisconsin. Makers of "Johnson Wax" and furniture products amongst others, S.C.Johnson was the first major corporation worldwide to eliminate CFCs as propellants in mid-June 1975. S.C.Johnson has developed an expertise in water based products and uses hydrocarbon propellants and finger mechanical pump sprays. Cynthia A. Georgson, (414) 631-4728. BAN and MENNEN, are examples of companies manufacturing deodorants and anti-perspirants using solid stick and roll on ball dispensers, which replace uses of CPCs as propellants. 3. Plastic and Elastomer Moulding GEORGE MANN & CO., Providence, Rhode Island. George Mann markets the "Act-release" solid (silicon) mould release system, replacing solvents (or water) release agents for high quality plastics and elastomer moulding operations, instead of using ODCs. The system is the first marketed self contained system, unique in the industry. John Mann, (401) 781-5600. V. FIRE FIGHTING (See p.37 of companion report) Note: These alternative fire protection measures and precautionary measures include: early detection and early warning through increased surveillance of key installations; use of materials that prevent fire spread and damage, such as installation of less flammable cables, and cables that produce less smoke and toxic gases; isolation of the equipment at risk in a smaller area separated by fire-resistant construction. Nearly all companies use one or more of these types of measures in their fire protection schemes. Common alternative extinguishing agents to halons include: water, CO2, foam and powder. AMERICAN PACIFIC CORPORATION, Las Vegas, Nevada. American Pacific are makers of "Halotron 1" fire suppression system. American Pacific is now involved in a US Navy cooperative program undergoing testing to replace ozone depleting Halon 1211, for specific, demanding military situations. Halotron 1 is being tested in traditional extinguishers with use of a simple adjustment kit costing less than $5, and extinguisher containers can be refilled relatively simply. The halon replacement program of the Navy is one common to all armed services and a review of the alternatives competition is scheduled for early 1993 for which "Halotron 1" is a major contender. Most military services have already discontinued training with Halon 1211, and "Halotron 1" is likely to be the main replacement for military fire suppression needs relating to aircraft, ships and fighting vehicles. (702) 735-2200. ANSUL FIRE PROTECTION, Wisconsin. The "Inergen" system, approved for North American market during 1993, uses nitrogen, argon and CO2 to reduce oxygen to fires (already available in Europe). WORMALD (U.K.) has recently begun marketing "Inergen", which is a new gas which could become an extremely important replacement for halon 1301 in fixed systems that are still considered "essential uses." The gas has already won official approval in Denmark and Holland, and testing is underway in the U.K. AT&T, Princeton, New Jersey. AT&T is an example of a major corporation that is quickly eliminating ozone depleting halon use in their facilities, in favor of CO2, foam and powders. (609) 639-2593. BRITISH PETROLEUM (BP), London, UK. BP has developed an ozone friendly non-halon fire suppression system to protect-offshore oil platforms and that seems to hold promise for aircraft, railroads and ships. The design has a unique nozzle spray that combines water with air to produce a fine, controlled spray that quickly extinguishes fires, be it wood, fuel, oil, diesel or gas. Droplets of water are delivered to the heart of the fire causing enough steam to keep oxygen out and therefore putting out the flame. The system should be available in the US during 1993 and is available for licencing. Prof. John Cadogan, 011- 44-71-496-4000. 3M CORP., St Paul, Minnesota. 3M is an international corporation that has done work with Perflourobutane as a halon replacement for specific, demanding fire protection situations, now under study by the US Navy for halon replacement in ship and aircraft. Louis Cove (612) 733-7376. NASA, GODDARD SPACE CENTER, Greenbelt, Maryland. In 1991 replaced Halon extinguishers with water based extinguishers. NASA does not expect any reduction in fire fighting capability as a result. (301) 286-5566. NEW MEXICO ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE / CENTER FOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, New Mexico. The Engineering Research Institute has examined chemical structures that have desirable properties with short atmospheric lifetimes and low ozone depletion potentials and low global warming potentials. This list includes 8 chemicals in the flouro-alkenes family and flourodiocarabons family, to replace Halons as part of the Air Force halon replacement study. (305) 473-9560. NORTHERN TELECOM, Ontario, Canada - Nashville, Tennessee. Northern Telecom in the U.S. and Canada, is an example of a major corporation that removed halon systems from its facilities. (416) 238-7162. SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVES TO OZONE DEPLETING CHEMICALS (ODCs) BY STATE Note: Page references after each entry refer to the companion Greenpeace report, Climbing Out of the Ozone Hole: A Preliminary Survey of Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Chemicals, where information explaining the functioning and application of the alternatives can be found. Alabama AIRCO INDUSTRIAL GASES, Birmingham, Alabama, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Airco is the distributor for ROCEP, Scotland (UK) (Canadian distributor is CANOX). Rocep has a patented "Polygas" propellant systems which represent a unique new generation unique propellant release mechanism, soon to be marketed in the US. It has the advantages of non-flammability, low VOC rating and no solvent abuse potential. It is based on concept of compressed gas absorbed into a polymer using a solvent as a carrier. The gas is released on demand without a pressure drop, and later reabsorbed back into a polymer, avoiding emissions. Initial use will be for aerosols using CO2. Dave Cobb (Alabama), (205) 254-1888, (New Jersey), (908) 464-8100. (See Ch.VIII p.37) BOWDEN INDUSTRIES, Huntsville, Alabama. Bowden manufactures aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning systems, and in-line and batch cleaning equipment. (203) 539-7917. (See Ch.V p.20) ENGINEERED REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS, Mobile, Alabama. Contractor and distributor for ammonia based refrigeration for commercial applications. Mr. Steve Carroll, (205) 471-2425. (See Ch.IV p.12) SPRINKOOL SYSTEMS INC, Kileen, Alabama. An evaporative cooling manufacturer that installs roof based water spray evaporative systems for commercial and industrial applications, and from 1993 domestic home roof applications. Controlled water sprays remove heat by evaporation from large roof areas, reducing interior temperature. This evaporative cooling can inexpensively displace or add on to, conventional CFC/HCFC type A/C systems while greatly reducing energy and maintenance costs. Customers include GE, Anheuser Busch and now Westinghouse. Maybelline in Little Rock, Arkansas saved over $1 million in running costs in three years from this installation compared to conventional CFC/HCFC mechanical cooling. Charlotte Balentine, (205) 757-5366. (See Ch.IV p.12) Arizona ADOBE AIR, Phoenix, Arizona. Probably the world's largest manufacturer of evaporative air conditioning equipment for the last 50 years, with international business under the "Mastercool" line. "Mastercool" is diverse, and includes an advanced indirect type evaporative system that better handles high humidity conditions in west and east, and two-stage cooling for lower delivered temperatures. Applications include residential and commercial, with savings up to 80% in some areas of equivalent CFC cooling. Ron Rosin, Darman Ollson, (602) 257- 0060. (See Ch IV.p.12, companion report) ALBERS AIR CONDITIONING CORPORATION, (AI-Essa, Saudi Arabia. British Gas PLC, UK) Tempe, Arizona. Albers, with Al-Essa sad British gas, is developing a liquid desiccant A/C system using lithium bromide in a spray to remove water vapor from incoming air, and which combines evaporative and desiccant cooling. Now in pre manufacturing and field testing for marketing in late- 1994, it will be primarily a light commercial 5 ton system and later a residential scale 3 ton system. Albers will develop a 20 ton cooling system with British Gas. Unlike a conventional system, this liquid desiccant design can be used in a higher humidity areas in the US. Kevin Gee, (602) 820-4280. (See Ch.IV, p.12.) ARVIN INDUSTRIES, Phoenix, Arizona. Arvin Air division sells direct and indirect evaporative coolers, sold also through WILLIAM LAMB, North Hollywood, CA. with photovoltaic solar panels and accessories for solar electricity. (602) 257-4060. (See Ch.IV, p.12) GENERAL PNEUMATICS, Scottsdale, Phoenix, Arizona. General Pneumatics has successfully developed a Stirling Cycle engine for cooling under funding from the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which had requirements for cooling in military applications. Their designs, however, have not managed the leap to other commercial applications. Stephen Zylstra, (602) 998-1856. (See Ch.IV, p.12) UNIV. ARIZONA ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY / PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, Tucson, Arizona. This joint venture has produced the "Cool Tower" technology, a passive cooling system for low humidity climates in the west. Cool Tower uses natural updraft chimneys to create a flow of cool air without fans or blowers, cool air is heavier and will fall inside the tower and create an air flow. (602) 294-4808. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Arkansas ESSICK AIR PRODUCTS, Little Rock, Arkansas. Essick is an evaporative air conditioner manufacturer. Joseph Harnon, (501) 562-1094. (See Ch.IV, p.12) GLADE CHEMICALS, Scottsdale, Arizona. Manufactures terpene based systems for electronic and metal working industries. (800) 922-2436. (See Ch.V, p.20) GOETTL ENTERPRISES, Phoenix, Arizona. Goettle Enterprises is a leading evaporative air conditioner manufacturer, engineer and contractor. (602)-273-7483. (See Ch.IV, p.12) JOHN TREIBER CO, Huntington Beach, California - Conway, Arkansas. Early leader from 20 years ago in the promotion and manufacture of aqueous cleaning systems, "John Treiber" brand. Also vend in-line cleaning system using water and water soluble flux with closed loop recycling. Contracts include Delco, IBM, Honeywell. Robert Conte, (714) 841-6264. (See Ch.V, p.20) MODERN CHEMICAL INC, Jacksonville, Arkansas. Sells a patented formula for two variants of an aqueous cleaner for numerous applications. (501) 988-1311. (See Ch.V, p.20) California BELL INDUSTRIES, Santa Ana, California. Bell has developed specialized "Anchor" range hydrocarbon blends geared to removing ink soils for lithography, printing. (714) 545-7195. (See Ch.V, p.20) CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION (CEC), Sacramento, California. The state funded California Energy Commission (CEC) has been testing a solar energy powered absorption air conditioning system, using a lithium bromide absorption cooling unit. Ozone-safe lithium bromide or ammonia absorption units are now experiencing an exploding demand, but usually are powered by gas or electricity (see above), however solar panels can provide the necessary heat and energy. A field test installation has been running successfully in Sacramento for six years, using simple flat- plate photovoltaic solar panels. However, these solar panels require a lot of roof area to provide the necessary power, and while this is suitable for commercial buildings, a system using a smaller roof area would provide more flexibility for residential applications where the majority of energy savings can be realized. Now CEC has identified a more efficient collector type solar panel that use less roof area, and although the initial investment is higher they will deliver more energy and heat (BTUs) per dollar invested. CEC is now aiming to carry out a further test using these advanced panels on another building in the Sacramento area. Solar powered absorption A/C has an enormous potential to reduce energy demand, avoid use of ozone depleting HCFCs or global warming HFC refrigerants to replace CFCs and help air quality. Such system could displace a huge energy load in summertime Los Angeles and southern California and the southern US, which is used to run air conditioners: the energy "load from hell" as utilities refer to it. While energy demand is high because of A/C in summer, power is expensive for utilities to produce, often requiring bringing on line dirty fossil fuel burning plants in urban areas (defeating Clean Air Act targets) with costs to the utility as high 50 cents a kilowatt hour. Solar power is ideal for air conditioning in that it provides peak power precisely when demand for A/C is highest, an ideal energy demand 'load-match'. This application provides a potentially lucrative market for the solar industry. Utilities therefore have a vested interest in reducing this summertime demand and the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), a public utility, helped fund the existing test and is interested in the advanced system. Similarly, the US Department of Energy is also interested in demonstrating cost effective energy saving applications of this system. If the cost of collector units can fall through mass production and installation costs are supported by utility rebates, the potential is limitless for solar powered absorption air conditioning providing the majority of southern California (and much of southern US) domestic, residential and commercial day time air conditioning. CECs mission is to promote where economically feasible, renewable energy resources, diversity and increased security of energy supply. Phil Misemer, (916) 654- 4552 DAVIS ENERGY GROUP (DEG), Davis, California. The Davis Energy Group makes a range of evaporative cooling systems, traditional, direct, direct-indirect types. One systems is the AMIDEC or "Attic Mounted direct/indirect Evaporative Cooling system" or AMIDEC (in the "Coolroof Range") for residential applications, now under field design tests on several residential houses in California with involvement of the California Energy Commission (CEC). CEC is concerned with security of energy supply, diversity of energy sources and energy savings and efficiency, and the CEC sees great potential for evaporative cooling all over the southern and mid California. CEC estimates that most areas of California are low enough humidity to make evaporative cooling useable in virtually all households. CEC believes that evaporative cooling if widely installed in individual households, could reduce energy use in California by 1,600 gigawatt hours annually by replacing or displacing CFC/HCFC cooling loads. CEC has worked with the Davis Group under the CEC Small Business Energy Program. (916) 753-1100. (See Ch.IV, p. 12) DI PERI MANUFACTURING CORP., Northridge, California. Di Peri has compact indirect (sensible) evaporative cooling tubes in modules that can be used in series for energy efficient cooling. New indirect evaporative cooling puts no moisture in the inlet air, allowing; recirculating and re-cooling. Applications include light-commercial and residential in much of California, and pre- cooling. Leo Di Peri, (818) 885-0011. (See Ch.IV, p.12) GAF CHEMICALS, Irvine, California. Manufactures semi-aqueous "M- Pyrol" for metal degreasing and printing ink clean up. (714) 250-1147. (See Cb.V, p.20) HAWKEYE INTERNATIONAL, Inglewood, California. Hawkeye sells "PC 2000" which is an aqueous circuit board cleaner to replace CFCs, that is a blend of surfactants, water soluble solvents and a corrosion inhibitor. Hawkeye also vends "EP-1000" a non-toxic, biodegradable heavy duty industrial cleaner, which can remove oil, dirt, grease, and grime from numerous surfaces such as most plastics, fabrics, metals or glass. A. C. Kelley, (213) 776-8828. HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, Fullerton, California. Designed and patented "HF-1189" an aqueous, water soluble citric acid based flux for soldering that is cleaned with water. Some 1000 companies have enquired about the product, which is licensed through KESTER SOLDER, Des Plains, Illinois, (708) 297-1600. Hughes Environment Systems (New York), Bob Beacham, (310) 536-5935 / (800) 262-HESI, or Fullerton (California), (714) 732-3232. (See Ch.V, p.20) INTEL, Santa Clara, California. A major international manufacturer of microcomputer components and early ODC phase-out leaders. Intel has already eliminated all of their use of ozone depleting compounds through the switch to a variety of "no- clean" fluxes and pastes (and aqueous cleaning) with reported savings of over $ 1 million a year. Brian Recter, (408) 765-3241. (See Ch.V, p.20) JET PROPULSION LABORATORY / SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS CO. Pasadena, California. This cooperative venture has produced two (1991) patents on a domestic, residential scale air conditioning system and secondly a heat pump for heating and cooling. The "regenerative sorption compressor" system uses ammonia absorption and carbon absorbent bed. Powered by natural gas, the system is to be promoted by SoCal Gas and will qualify buyers for utility rebates, as it reduces the need for peak energy production in summer by the utility. Predictions suggest winter utility bills with heat pump could be cut by 50%, while reducing the peak load for utilities in winter. The system follows cyrogenic systems developed for the US Air Force by the Propulsion Lab., and a full prototype should be available at the end of 1993. Ed Becker (SoCal) (213) 244-5345, Jack Jones Jet Propulsion Lab), (818) 3544717. JOHN TREIBER CO, Huntington Beach, California - Conway, Arkansas. Early leader from 20 years ago in the promotion and manufacture of aqueous cleaning systems, "John Treiber" brand. Also vend in-line cleaning system using water and water soluble flux with closed loop recycling. Contracts include Delco, IBM, Honeywell. Robert Conte, (714) 841-6264. (See Ch.V, p.20) LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY (LBL), Berkeley, California. LBL are in the process of commercializing, along with private sector partners, a silica aerogel insulation product. The goal was for greater insulation values and lower manufacture costs than other silica aerogels. The LBL product has 3-4 times the insulation value per inch of traditional CFC/HCFC blown polyurethane foam. The product has various other applications apart from insulation. Dr Arlon Hunt, (510) 486-5370, Bruce Davies (510) 486-6461. (See Ch.VII, p.31) LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY (LBL) / EPA, Berkeley, California. In January 1992 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and EPA completed a research project examining the benefits of community tree planting and adding light colored surfaces to buildings and paved surfaces called "Cooling Our Communities". Trees and light colored surfaces can curb rising urban "heat island" temperatures, which are typically 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit higher in the center of towns and cities than the suburbs. This program could "reduce air pollution, abate the greenhouse gas CO2 [from reduced energy use for A/C] and potential to lower rising urban temperatures..." according to then EPA Director William Reilly. A National Academy of Sciences report estimated that 25 % of the energy use for air conditioning in the US could be avoided and billions of dollars saved, through the use of such cost effective methods. EPA Policy Planning and Evaluation (PM-221), (202) 233-9190 / Bruce Davies (510) 486 6461. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY (LLL), San Francisco, California. Livermore has developed a silicon and carbon based aerogel with low density and high strength, nicknamed "solid smoke" because of its transparency. One test demonstrated one third the conductivity of traditional CFC blown foam. "Solid-smoke" has been recently licensed to a manufacturer. Another product, "Seagel" foam, is made from agar sea weed and is also applicable to insulation purposes. Harry Dodson (510) 422-1100, Mary Beth Acuff, (510) 423-4432. (See Ch.VII, p-31) NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, Monterrey, California / LOS ALAMOS LABORATORY, New Mexico. The Space Thermo-Acoustic Refrigerator (STAR) flew on Space Shuttle in January 1992 and attained minus 73 degrees C using sound waves. The device focuses sound waves into a chamber using alternate compression and expansion cycles, and a gas pumps heat into baffles where it is removed. Acoustic cooling has received mixed government and corporate support, and the Naval Postgraduate school is ready to begin practical development of a model suitable for a kitchen refrigerator. Invented as early as 1982, Thermo-acoustic refrigeration works best with inert gases such as helium and argon which are harmless, nonflammable, non-toxic, non-ozone depleting or global warming. The system has no moving parts and is judged inexpensive to manufacture. General Electric has been involved but has approached patenting the device with surprising indifference. Steve Garrett, (408) 646-2540, (408) 646-2486 Paul Marto, (408) 624-6833, (408) 646-2989, (Space Systems) (408) 646-2772. (See Ch.IV, p.12) QUAL-TEK ENTERPRISES, San Francisco, California. Produces aqueous cleaners particularly to replace methyl chloride. Dr Reider-Halle, Joe Brennan (415) 467-7887. (See Ch.V, p.20) SAMCO USA, Sunnyvale, California. Samco vends a unique system where surfaces contaminated with organic material (oil etc) are exposed to UV light in the presence of ozone gas. Cleaning results from light triggered oxidization processes; for cleaning metal, glass, ceramics, quartz etc. (408) 734-0961. (See Ch.V, p.20) SONO TEK, Poughkeepsie, New York - Santa Clara, California. Sono Tek has developed a low-solids flux, "Sono Flex" (and other water soluble flux and pastes) which are sold internationally. Scott Mallen, (914) 471-6090. (See Ch.V, p.20) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA / SACRAMENTO MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT, Sacramento, California. Sacramento is continuing a ground study of the potential for residential evaporative cooling in California. Research data by Dr Wu (with the Evaporative Cooling Institute) demonstrates that advanced indirect evaporative cooling could handle most of the cooling needs for most of California's quite dry and highly populous 16 distinct climatic zones. Although water use remains an issue, estimates suggest evaporative systems might account for only 2-10% of typical water use in households, great energy savings may overcome the disadvantage of water use. As of April 1, 1992 Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) offers a $75 rebate for evaporative cooling installation. Dr Hofu Wu, (714) 869-0527. (See Ch.lV, p.12) VARI-COOL, Santa Rosa, California - Hastings, Nebraska. A division of Hastings Industries, sells packaged direct and indirect evaporative cooling equipment, with low energy use design, utilizing unique heat exchanger cores. Demus Dworshak, (402) 463-9821. (See Ch.lV, p.12) WESTEK, Arcadia, California. Produces in-line and batch water based cleaning technology and agents for use with water soluble flux and pastes. Michael Keating, Jim Banis, (818) 446-4444. (See Ch.V, p.20) Colorado CLIMATRAN, Englewood, Colorado. Climatran is an innovative producer of "Transit-Aire" bus air conditioning, that has been installed in over 500 buses. The system is an diabetic air conditioning system that derives cooling effect from water evaporation, removing heat from the air stream. The system uses 90% less energy than CFC/HCFC systems. Tests also showed quicker and greater cooling than CFC based systems, maintenance and major use savings and the system has been approved by testing for DOD and General Services Administration. The system could be used in all but the most humid regions of the US. Climatran, however, has faced considerable structural governmental opposition in having the system tested, accepted and-bought. An the example is one local law that specified only Freon systems could be used for public transit buses. James Mattill, (303) 696-6466. (See Ch.IV, p.12) FRY EQUIPMENT CO. INC, Denver, Colorado. Fry is a leading sales and design engineer for evaporative cooling combined with dessicant dehumidification and conventional refrigeration systems for all applications. Louis N. Grounds, (303) 922-8442. (See Ch.IV, p.12) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL), University of Colorado, Golden, Colorado. NREL has researched and developed vacuum panel insulation to replace CFC blown foam called Compact Vacuum Insulation (CVD. CVI is based on a pure vacuum panel with hard spacers for internal support (as opposed to silica cells etc). Its insulation value is independent of thickness and can be described as a classic thermal shield, which could have many applications replacing CFC/HCFC blown foam. Tests have delivered up to 10-14 times the insulation value of traditional urethane foam (although when installed in appliances gains will not be as high), but it is not in commercial use as yet; funding for the project has been unstable. Tom Potter, D.K. Bensen, (303) 231-1083 / 231-1000. (See Ch.VII, p.31) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL), Golden, Colorado. NREL has designed a "smart" heat blocking window coating using electrochromic films that automatically change from transparent to opaque and back again when a small electric charge is passed through it. NREL has also developed a low cost method for applying this film to large areas of glass or plastic, called Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) that could open up a billion dollar market in the building industry. PECVD is some ten times faster than conventional techniques of applying heat blocking coatings, and thus far cheaper. By preventing unwanted heat from entering a building and reducing the need for air conditioning, the capacity of the air conditioning unit designed into the building can be reduced. Some 60 million square meters of windows are installed every year in the US, creating a peak demand for electricity for A/C of some 1,600 megawatts, controlling this demand could displace the oil imported from Alaska according to NREL. NREL is looking for industrial partners to further develop and license this technology. Dallas R. Martin (303) 231-1198 NORSAIRE SYSTEMS, Denver, Colorado. Norsaire is a leading designer and manufacturer of large indirect/direct evaporative cooling units, having built what is believed to be the world's largest indirect/direct systems (330,000 cfm) for the Western Linen Company in Las Vegas, NV. Since 1979, Norsaire has produced more than 13,000,000 cfm of product, with applications in industrial, commercial, office buildings, schools, prisons, warehouses and military installations. Norsaire's patented "Nordex" indirect heat exchanger, fabricated from unique aluminum plates, is currently the highest efficiency water evaporative heat exchanger commercially available (confirmed at Center For Energy Studies, University of Texas, Austin). The Nordex further increases energy savings by recovering exhaust heat during the winter months and using it productively. Employed as a pre-cooler, the Nordex will display impressive pay back virtually anywhere in the US, as it displaces refrigeration loads, reduces peak electrical demand, and enables reduced size of conventional CFC/HCFC/HFC cooling systems. Norsaire also specializes in "regenerative indirect" cooling designs, whereby the interior space air of a building (which usually has a lower temperature than outside air), is used to drive the evaporative cooling process, further increasing the Nordex's already high cooling efficiency. As a result, a Norsaire unit will deliver comfort cooling in a far larger area in the US than the dryer areas in which evaporative cooling is customarily found. And it will do so with significant year around energy saving and high interior air exchange rates to maintain better indoor air quality than can CFC/HCFC or HFC equipment. Typically, Norsair equipment will operate with a reduction in energy consumption of up to 80% over CFC/HCFC cooling, and less maintenance costs. Norsaire's designs can be combined in different ways for differing needs and the line includes Nordex patented heat exchangers (above), the "Skandia" and "Cascade" systems (indirect/direct systems), "Zephyr" systems (direct evaporative cooling) and "Norpak" (rigid media evaporative cooler). Among the roughly 375 installations as far afield as California, Washington state, Oregon and the southwest states, are Brown Printing, America West Airlines, Department of Energy, the US Post Office and Westminster Shopping Mall. Dr John Kinney, (303) 937-9595. Connecticut BRANSON ULTRASONICS, Danbury, Connecticut. Major manufacturer of aqueous (and semi-aqueous) in-line and batch cleaning equipment systems, that can also employ ultrasonic sound wave agitation. (203) 796 0400. (See Ch.V, p.20) GENERAL ELECTRIC, Fairfield, Connecticut. General Electric has been issued two patents for evacuated panels using silica, and the technology is in use by GE appliances division. David C. Warshaw, (203) 873-8476. (See Ch.VII, p.31) IBM, Stanford, Connecticut. IBM is a good example of a major industry leader that has pioneered ODC phase-out using aqueous cleaning methods, is testing and qualifying a series of "no- clean" processes and equipment and involved in the latest ICOLP (see above) handbook with EPA on "no-clean" technologies. Edan Dionne, (203) 973-7937. (See Ch.V, p.20) MICRO CARE CORP., Bristol, Connecticut. Micro Care is a leading developer of semi-aqueous cleaning agents primarily "Bioact- EC7M" (with PETROFIRM, Florida) and the "Ionox" range. In late 1992 Micro Care marketed a new alcohol cleaner "Pro-Clean" for hands on workbench metal cleaning, outside of contained batch cleaners. Jay Tourigny, (203) 585-7912. (See Ch.V, p.20) Florida COOLSOUND, Port St. Lucye, Florida. Coolsound has a license patent for use of thermo-acoustic technology in air conditioning from the Department of Energy, Los Alamos. Coolsound is a small innovative start up company aiming for a working prototype next year. The planned system uses sound waves to compress inert helium gas and extract heat. The system would be ideal for solar power applications throughout the south. The system is potentially much more energy efficient in all applications, as well as non-ozone depleting and having no global warming potential. Coolsound is looking at the entire residential, commercial and industrial air conditioning market. The system is larger than Sonic Compressors compressor design (see below). New energy efficiency rules and utility rebates should greatly encourage marketing of the system. However, Coolsound needs a manufacturing partner and investment to produce full prototypes. Current production offers from foreign countries may force Coolsound to manufacture and market elsewhere. (Coolsound is also working on Stirling Cycle refrigeration). Frank Wighard, (407) 337-5113. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ECOCLEAN, Boca Raton, Florida. Entrepreneur Richard Simon has developed a CFC free dry-cleaning process called "Ecoclean", now being used by Special Delivery Cleaners in Boca Raton. The system is water and steam based, instead of using ozone depleting chemicals. (407) 391-1662. ENVIROSOLV INC., Jacksonville, Florida. Early leader in the ODC replacement field has developed and sells a half dozen variants of aqueous (and semi-aqueous) cleaners under the "Re-Entry" label in the US and overseas in partnership with ASHLAND CHEM CO. Steve Collier, (904) 724-1990, (508) 653-7655. (See Ch.V, p.20) MUNTERS, Jacksonville, Florida. Munters is a major component manufacturer in evaporative cooling, evaporative cooling surfaces. Sven Lundin, president of Munters is a pioneer in evaporative cooling and add-on evaporative precoolers that keep cost of energy use down in conventional coolers. Ms Pat Thomas, (813) 936-1555. (See Ch.IV, p.12) NEW THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES INC., Clearwater, Florida. New Thermal Technologies Inc (NTTI) has developed a solar powered desiccant air conditioning system, that is the first of its kind in the world. The system designed by NTII uses vacuum solar tubers manufactured by THERMOMAX USA Ltd of Winter Park, Florida, and a desiccant unit built by NITI, to dry, cool and purify the air in an otherwise hot humid environment. The two components of the system embody proven technology, but the solar-desiccant combination is a first. In the system, hot humid outside air is drawn through a filter and directs it through a desiccant (drying) wheel, where lithium salts remove moisture, the wheel is powered by three sets of 200 Thermomax evacuated glass solar tubes, where the air temperature is raised thus drives off moisture collected in the desiccant. Then the air directed through a heat exchanger which removes the heat from the air that goes into the building. Desiccant dehumidification makes it economical to maintain lower relative humidity, creating a more cooled feeling for occupants, than is possible with CFC cooling. The advanced solar collectors of the vacuum Thermomax tubes are 3-5 times as efficient as conventional photovoltaic cells, and particularly useful for cloudier climates. Hopes are the system will be used extensively by the Kentucky Fried Chicken Company, which is testing an initials system in a KFC outlet in Petersburg, Florida. The initial start up cost of installing NITI unit 2003SE was $30,000 but payback on saved energy cost is predicted to be occur within three years as the system uses half the energy of conventional CFC/HCFC/HFC cooling: delivering equivalent cooling for half the costs. NITI hopes to have a manufacturing plant at Pinellas County, Florida by the end of 1992 that will employ initially 150-300 people, to provide a potentially huge market across the southern US. Tom Hersey, (813) 532-9921. PETROFERM, Fernandia Beach, Florida. Petrofirm was an early leader in CFC replacement products which includes semi-aqueous de-fluxer "Bioact EC-7" which is widely used with a solvent waste recovery package, and Advanced Vapor Degreasing Technology (AVD) using esters. Petrofirms is now in alliance with 3M and DETREX for worldwide marketing. (904) 261-8286. (See Ch.V, p.20) Georgia CEMTRONICS INC, Kennesaw, Georgia. Manufactures and vends aqueous (and semi-aqueous) solvents. (404) 424-4888, (516) 582-3844. (See Ch.V, p.20) WAVE AIR CORP. Atlanta, Georgia. Wave Air is an innovative, smaller company developing a unique gas-fired Thermal Wave adsorption Heat Pump. This is designed for both residential cooling and heating, and uses a refrigeration circuit with ammonia that is enclosed outdoors of the residence. The production goal for the system is early 1996, and work has been carried out with the involvement of the Gas Research Institute. Robert Hill, (404) 874-5214. Idaho REY INDUSTRIES INC, Boise, Idaho. Manufactures three sizes of large capacity of evaporative cooling units for commercial and plant cooling. Robert E. Yearsley, (208) 336-4821. (See Ch.IV, p.12). Illinois ADA SYSTEMS, Wood Dale, Illinois. ADA is a major manufacturer and contractor for large scale indirect and direct type evaporative cooling A/C systems. ADA regards recent breakthroughs in indirect cooling as allowing effective and economical use of evaporative systems to displace CFC/HCFC cooling even in humid climates in east. ADA specializes in indirect-direct evaporative cooling modules, with high efficiency and claim 6 degrees F more cooling than most competitors. ADA also specializes in building waste heat recovery modules for energy savings that often have an add on evaporative cooling function. The ADA line shares some technology with Norsaire of Colorado (see below) and includes: "Maxicool", "Nim", "Norpak", and "Skandex" evaporative units, and "Viking" and Sierra" heat recovery units (with evaporative add on). An ADA system will be installed in the worlds largest shopping mall in Minnesota. ADA has six manufacturing sites in the US, applications include industrial, commercial, hospitals, office buildings, warehouses and schools. Richard T. Sohr, (708) 238-1516. BARON BLAKESLEE, Melrose Park, Illinois. Baron provides aqueous cleaning agents, and associated in-line and batch cleaning equipment to utilize them. (312) 450-3900. (See Ch.V, p.20) CCL CUSTOM MANUFACTURING, Danville, Illinois. CCL is the largest contract manufacturer in the US, for dozens of brand products and thus a major propellant user and packager. Since the CFC aerosol ban in 1977, CCL uses only blends of iso-butane, propane, butane, depending on pressure needed; carbon dioxide and nitrogen for various applications; finger trigger pump sprays, and solid stick applicators; and recently dimethyl ether and water, which allows a product that has alcohol to use less alcohol improving shelf life. CCL produces some 250 million separate propellant using units a year, on average using half an ounce of propellant gas. Ron Davis, (217) 442-1400. (See Ch.VI, p.26) GRAY MlLLS, Chicago, Illinois. Gray Mills is a manufacturer of aqueous cleaning process equipment. (312) 268-6825. (See Ch.V, p.20) HI-GRADE ALLOY CORPORATION, East Hazel Crest, Illinois. One of the larger pioneer companies in "no-clean" fluxes and pastes with the "3590 series" (and aqueous cleaning agents). (708) 798-8300. (See Ch.V, p.20) IMECO, Polo, Illinois. Produces food storage and other large capacity ammonia refrigeration units. Chuck Spear, (815) 946-2351. (See Ch.lV, p.12) KESTER SOLDER (LITTON SYSTEMS INC), Des Plains, Illinois. Top five international corporation in the solvent and solder sector, that vends complete "no-clean" low-solids fluxes and pastes (and associated water soluble fluxes and pastes, including HUGHES types and follow-ons). Dave Scheiner, (708) 297-1600. (See Ch.V, p.20) LONDON CHEMICAL COMPANY (LONCO), Bensenville, Illinois. Major international supplier of "no-clean", low solids flux "Superlo Solids Flux" and pastes in 10 variants (and aqueous water soluble flux, now working on an aqueous non-VOC, biodegradable free version). Jim Norris, (708) 766-5902. (See Ch.V, p.20) QUALITEK INTERNATIONAL INC, Addison, Illinois. One of the larger solder, solvent sector companies specializing in "no-clean" systems: a low-solid "Delta" flux (type 670) developed for HEWLETT PACKARD electronics worldwide, and low-solids flux called (type 302), for foaming and spraying applications. Debbie Livuori. (708) 628-8083. (See Ch.V, p.20) Indiana BRULIN CORP., Indianapolis, Indiana. Major manufacturer in the sector that has developed a range of aqueous cleaning agents. Geoff Beard, (317) 923-3211. (See Ch.V, p.20) DELCO, Kokorna, Indiana. Delco (with Kyzen of Nashville TN) have announced patents issued on a series of cleaning chemistries which use biodegradable alcohol mixtures for unique processes and formulations. The alcohol material is derived from vegetable and organic waste, and the cleaners will be marketed under the "Ionox", "Aguanox" and "Metalnox" names. Some have been used over the last two years by larger electronics and military contractors, and have now been successfully tested by US Department of Defense.(317) 457-8461. Kyzen, Tennessee (615) 831-0888. DOMETIC CORP., Le Grange, Indiana. Dometic is a leading manufacturer of "Duo-Therm" brand patented absorption refrigerators and freezers for RVs, using mainly propane power but also electric sources. Dometic also supplies thousands of small hotel, motel minibar refrigerators using absorption cooling that are quieter than CFC/HCFC refrigerators. Al McGuire, (219) 463-219, (219) 294-8665. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ROBUR CORP., Evansville, Indiana. "Servel" describes itself as "the global leader in environmentally sensitive air conditioning technologies". The Servel brand domestic air conditioning system uses water and ammonia as basic refrigerant, in an absorption cooling cycle that is unique to the industry. The range includes a unique design for residential air conditioning ("The chiller" model), and light commercial and industrial process applications ("Chiller Link" model up to 25 ton capacity) including combined heater and chiller model ("Therma-chiller"). The systems are designed to run most cheaply on natural gas or propane, but are still competitive with electric, particularly in the northeast where energy costs are high. The products are being promoted by the Gas Institute and United Propane. Mike Hall, (812) 424-1800. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Kentucky DETREX, Bowling Green, Kentucky - Detroit, Michigan. Detrex is a large corporation with a complete line of "no-clean" fluxes and pastes (and aqueous cleaning agents and systems). Michigan: Ralph Marker, (313) 645-0890. Kentucky: (502) 782-2411. HENRY VOGT MACHONE CO., Louisville, Kentucky. Vogt produces 10001b to 50 ton icea machines using ammonia as a refrigerant. Ron Scherzinger, (502) 634-1500. Louisiana AEROPRESS, Shreveport, Louisiana. Aeropress is a major manufacturer of hydrocarbon aerosol propellants, and uses different gases for different requirements. Hydrocarbons also serve as solvents in some formulations which can be advantageous. CO2 and Nitrogen are also used by Aeropress in niche applications. Dimethyl-ether (DME) water soluble by 38 % by weight, and is good for water based formulations. Three billion aerosol units are produced in the US each year, with 70 million pounds each of propane, iso-butane and butane. President of National Aerosol Association, Harry B. Mc Cain, (318) 221- 4282. (See Ch.VI, p.26) DELTA OMEGA TECHNOLOGIES INC, Lafeyette, Louisiana. Developed "DOT 111/113" one of the first biodegradable aqueous degreasers with exceptional non-toxicity and unusually low flammability and one of few qualified for essential US Air Force Military Specifications (MILSPEC) cleaning applications. Jim Janes, (318) 237-5091. (See Ch.V, p.20) LA ROCHE CHEMICAL, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. La Roche in joint research with the Gas Research Institute (GRI), is developing a dry desiccant cooling system using gas power, designed to utilize as much fresh air as possible. The system is in the prototype testing stage and 1-2 years from full marketing. Commercial and residential applications will include high humidity areas. Terry Parker, (504) 356-8570. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Maine DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, Augusta, Maine - Maynard, Massachusetts. A major electronics corporation and pioneer in ODC replacement (by 1994), Digital has been using aqueous cleaning systems in the production of printed circuit board assemblies since 1974, perhaps the earliest and most significant aqueous user. Digital was also first to patent an aqueous cleaner "Micro Droplet" and has since made this technology available worldwide with over 1000 enquiries while moving on to "no-clean" processes. Digital is also a mover behind Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection (ICOLP). By 1993 most processes will employ "no-clean" low solids flux throughout Digital. Anne McDunner, (508) 467-7203, public affairs: (508) 493-5111 / 8366. (See Ch.V, p.20) Maryland BALTIMORE AIR COIL, Jessup, Maryland. Air Coil is a major international air conditioning manufacturer and perhaps the worlds largest supplier of evaporative condensors for ammonia based refrigeration equipment. Air Coil also has a patented ice storage system using ethyl glycol and ammonia. A new market is ammonia based cooling of inlet air to increase efficiency of gas turbine power plants. Air Coil also produces commercial and industrial scale evaporative air conditioning equipment, under the "Psychronomic" label for sole use in dryer areas and as a precooler in humid climates. Air Coil is also a major contractor for industrial cooling towers which rely on evaporation and displace CFC cooling. Robert Catef, (410) 799-6262. (See Ch.IV, p.12) . DAVID TAYLOR RESEARCH INSTITUTE (DTRI), Annapolis, Maryland. The Taylor research laboratory conducts Navy research and has been examining CFC alternatives. Malone Cycle refrigeration uses fluids like liquid carbon dioxide, dilute mixtures of methanol or ethanol, which would be safe and environmentally benign technologies. The cycle involves compression of gases to 2000 pounds per square inch, and rapid compression and expansion. Its applications would be large scale air conditioning, and residential heat pumping. Several years work is needed to commercialization according to DTRI, but estimates suggest it would be more efficient than current large refrigerators. According to Los Alamos testimony in May 1992, an expected 10% more efficiency plus use in half of all cooling equipment in US would mean millions of tons of fossil fuel and CO2 emissions saved each year. A proof of principle prototype exists at Los Alamos and at Annapolis. Mr Greg Swift, (Los Alamos) (505) 667-5061, 665-0640. Jim Hanrhihan (Annapolis), (410) 357-3308. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ENERGY CONCEPTS INC, Annapolis, Maryland / ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, University of Chicago, Michigan. Argonne Laboratory is developing design software for a high efficiency heat pump under development by Energy Concepts of Annapolis. The advanced "GAX" absorption heat pump will use ammonia and water mixture (not CFCs) that can heat or cool buildings, and can use waste- heat from processes to provide industrial or process refrigeration and cooling with much higher efficiency than now possible. Dave Baurac, (Argonne) (708) 252-5584, Donald Erickson (ECI), (410) 266-6521. EVAPCO, Westminster, Maryland. Large manufacturer of ammonia refrigeration systems. Joe Szysmanksi, (410) 756-2600. (See Ch.IV, p.12) NASA, GODDARD SPACE CENTER, Greenbelt, Maryland. In 1991 replaced Halon extinguishers with water based extinguishers. NASA does not expect any reduction in fire fighting capability as a result. (301) 286-5566. (See Ch. VIII, p.37) SAFEWAY, Loring, Maryland. Safeway is one the largest grocery chains in the US, and is an example of widespread use of ammonia based refrigeration in all warehouses and food storage areas, based on efficiency and lower costs than CFC/HCFC systems. John Lopez, (301) 918-6752. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Massachusetts ARTHUR D. LITTLE ASSOCIATES, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In a 1990 study by this prestigious research, development and testing company for US EPA ("Theoretical performance evaluation of alternative working fluids for automotive air conditioning") cyclopropane (HC-270) was found to have significant advantages over current industry choice HFC-134a. The study said that "while the automobile industry has been reluctant to consider flammable refrigerant alternatives, few non-toxic, non- flammable, zero ozone depletion potential substances are available...similar to CFC-12 and HFC-134a. The flammable alternatives considered are of low cost and have low global warming potential..." The report recommended further examination of cyclopropane (and many other compounds). (617) 498-5000. (See Ch.IV, p.12) BTU INTERNATIONAL INC, North Billerica, Masachusettes. International company whose lines include an emphasis on "no- clean" inert atmosphere soldering equipment process with associated gases. Jerry Waldron, (508) 6674111. (See Ch.V, p.20) CARGOCAIRE, (MUMERS), Amesbury, Massachusetts. Major manufacturer of large desiccant and dehumidification air conditioning systems for a variety of industrial and commercial applications (with 15 variants), which can reduce temperatures by as much as 40/50 degrees Fahrenheit, and can be used US wide as add-ons to conventional HCFC systems. Hratch Adourian, (508) 388-0600. (See Ch.IV, p.12) CF TECHNOLOGIES, Dedham, Masachusettes. Manufactures and contracts for pressurized (supercritical) carbon dioxide cleaning systems. The CO2 process can remove oils, organic residues, adhesives, etc. from a variety of materials and components. (617) 461-2501. (See Ch.V, p.20) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, Maynard, Massachusetts - Augusta, Maine. A major electronics corporation and pioneer in ODC replacement (by 1994), Digital has been using aqueous cleaning systems in the production of printed circuit board assemblies since 1974, perhaps the earliest and most significant aqueous user. Digital was also first to patent an aqueous cleaner "Micro Droplet" and has since made this technology available worldwide with over 1000 enquiries while moving on to "no-clean" processes. Digital is also a mover behind Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection (ICOLP). By 1993 most processes will employ "no-clean" low solids flux throughout Digital. Anne McDunner, (508) 467-7203, public affairs: (508) 493-5111 / 8366. (See Ch.V, p.20) MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT), Boston, Massachusetts. MIT has worked on glass enclosed compacts of precipitated silica as a component to be distributed in foam boards. The thin glass envelopes may result in a lower permeability to gas, which can lower the effectiveness of the vacuum. The set of numerous vacuum compacts avoids the problem of a single penetration of a vacuum panel destroying the insulation value of a panel/foam composite. Mr L.R. Glicksman, (617) 253-1000. PHASEX CORP., Lawrence, Massachusetts. Contracts a process for pressurized (ie super-critical) carbon dioxide cleaning, that removes oils, organic residues and adhesives, etc. from a variety of metals and other materials and components. (508) 794-8686. (See Ch.V, p.20) ROVAC INC., Rochdale, Massachusetts. Rovac has designed a new, unique rotary air cycler (or Rotary Vane Compressor) low pressure compressor for mobile air conditioning, in the pre- production and field testing stage. The design originally used hydrocarbons like propane, but the preference of industrial partner has forced a change to HFCs. There remains an intention to convert the design to evaluate ether as the refrigerant at a later stage. Ray Shey Jr. (508) 892-1121. (See Ch.IV, p.12) SAVOGRAN, Norwood, Massachusetts. Savogran sells a blend of esters specialized for removal of industrial finishes and adhesives. (800) 225-9872. (See Ch.V, p.20) THERMOTREX CORPORATION, (part of THERMO ELECTRON TECHNOLOGIES) Waltham, Massachusetts . Thermotrex is the industry leader in thermoelectric cooling modules, which utilize the properties of semi-conductors to cool or heat depending on the direction of DC current passed through them. They are small, have no moving parts are very quiet, solid state, and will cool or heat from -100c to + 125 degrees centigrade. They are already used to cool electronic components, fibre optics equipment, infrared and biomedical instruments, since as long ago as the 1950s. They are now entering the market in refrigerators for college dorms and even to cool large picnic baskets. They are judged cost efficient for smaller refrigeration systems, work as domestic refrigerators, room air conditioners and auto air conditioners, while economies of scale production will lower costs. According to Los Alamos Laboratory testimony to the Senate Science and Transportation Committee in May 1992, "for small refrigeration systems thermoelectric cooling modules can be developed into cost effective, environmentally safe, reliable replacements" for CFCs and HCFCs. Pat Clery, (617) 622-1125. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ZEOPOWER COMPANY, Natick, Massachusetts. Zeopower is an innovative company that has developed for production, a unique zeolite, water refrigerant cooling and A/C system. Zeolites are a family of materials with a unique open, cage-like crystal structure which makes them capable of absorbing large quantities of refrigerant gases, of which water is most efficient, and allow high efficiencies within absorption heat pump cycles. Zeopower's most recent project is development of a similar system as a 1.5 ton capacity gas-fired heat pump for cooling and heating, with support of the GAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, for residential and small commercial applications. The system has comparable start up costs and is more energy efficient than CFC/HCFC systems. One test showed around half the energy use and costs of electric powered CFC/HCFC heat pumps for heating cooling over a year, compared to TRANE CORP. and CARRIER CORP. versions. The heat pump variant can be powered by waste heat, oil, gas, wood chip or solar energy. Originally a DOE and National Science Foundation grant to Dr Tchernev showed the feasibility of solar powered zeolite cooling and heating from the same unit. Zeopower developed a zeolite cryogenic cooling device for NASAs infrared satellite sensors. This led to the solar icebox (with no moving parts) now in Use by the World Health Organization for medical supplies. Zeopower has contracted for several applications, for example cooling of remote communication facilities in the Middle East. Zeopower has had several R&D contracts but no firm manufacturer as yet, but the Japanese DAIKIN CORP heating and cooling company is now working with Zeopower. Dr Dimiter Tchernev, Patricia Trundy, (508) 6554125. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Michigan 3D INC, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Since 1974 3D has been a leading corporation in the solvents and de-greasers market, whose products include the aqueous "Supreme" range that is now undergoing qualification testing for Air Force Military Specifications (MILSPEC). (3D also produces the semi-aqueous "Citrogold" solvents range). Part of an international marketing alliance with TEC/NIQUES INTERNATIONAL LTD with RANSAHOFF, Hamilton, Ohio, and ENVIRONMENTAL R&D (E-RAD), Idaho Falls, Idaho. D. Bradley Miller, (616) 925-5644. (See Ch.V, p.20) ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, University of Chicago, Michigan / ENERGY CONCEPTS INC, Annapolis, Maryland. Argonne Laboratory is developing design software for a high efficiency heat pump under development by Energy Concepts of Annapolis. The advanced "GAX" absorption heat pump will use ammonia and water mixture (not CFCs) that can heat or cool buildings, and can use waste-heat from processes to provide industrial or process refrigeration and cooling with much higher efficiency than now possible. Dave Baurac, (Argonne) (708) 252-5584, Donald Erickson (ECI), (410) 266-6521. CHRYSLER, Highland Park, Michigan. CFC blown foams have been eliminated by Chrysler in favor of primarily water blown foam techniques in most auto manufacturing processes (other ODC use is unclear). Mr Tom Cavalesci, (313) 576-8099. (See Ch.VII, p.31) DETREX, Detroit, Michigan, Bowling Green, Kentucky. Large corporation with complete line of "no-clean" fluxes and pastes (and aqueous cleaning agents and systems). Michigan: Ralph Marker, (313) 645-0890. Kentucky: (502) 782-2411. (See Ch.V, p.20) DOW CHEMICAL, Midland, Michigan. One of the big five US chemical companies, developed several semiaqueous cleaning systems, including one using glycol ether technology. Dow also supplies foam blowing systems for the CO2 and water foam blowing process, which pioneered 100% CO2 blown foam in mid-1980s. Dow has developed a system to prevent gradual CO2 diffusion (or loss) in foams called "Voranol 280" which uses polyether polyoll to bind the gas in the structure. This will allow long lived CO2 foam as an alternative for rigid foam type refrigerator and freezer insulation, which has been found to be more technically challenging to replace (see other solutions below). Dow also uses water blown foam for manufacturing auto products such as foam seats, headrests, noise insulation, sun visors, dashboards and steering wheels. (800) 258-4636, (800) 258-2436, (800) 441-4369. (See Ch.V, p.20, Ch.VII, p.31) FORD, Utica, Michigan. Ford has stopped using CFCs in auto manufacturing process and soft and rigid foam production uses in favor of water blown foam as of 1991, utilizing dozens of supplier companies in this field (other ODC is unclear). Mr Spencer Teller, (313) 826-0391, Johm Emmert, (313) 322-9210. (See Ch.VII, p.31) NATIONAL CENTER FOR MANUFACTURING SCIENCES (NCMS), Ann Arbor, Michigan. In December 1992 NCMS, an industry and government funded research center, released a major year long study regarding alternatives to ODS for the electronics and solvents industry. The NCMS study involved major companies such as AT&T and United Technologies Corp (UTC), who tested numerous alternatives substances and related processes including "no- clean" technology, on over 130 commonly used industrial materials. The final study will provide a detailed database designed to speed ODC replacement. Clare Vinton, (313) 9954300. (See Ch.V, p.20) PHILLIPS ENGINEERING, St Joseph, Michigan. Phillips is developing a new design gas powered generator/absorber heat pump that will both cool and heat for residential applications, and includes work with Department of Energy and Gas Research Institute, that is perhaps one to two years from production. Benjamin Phillips, (616) 983-3935. STIRLING THERMAL MOTORS, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Stirling Thermal has a general purpose Stirling Cycle engine (STM4-120) based on 30 years of data and research, which they contend has overcome previous reliability shortcomings of earlier Stirling devices. It is ideally suited to refrigeration and freezing, but manufacturers remain resistant. One of the likely niche markets, for mid-term applications, includes deep temperature cryo- coolers for medical applications. Near term commercialization options being pursued are industrial generator sets, solar thermal power and co-generation systems. The initial application is automotive power production as an add on to diesel engines, with demonstrated performance and fuel efficiency equivalent to diesel. Stirling has also demonstrated an advanced type (variable displacement) Stirling Cycle machine, with high projected cooling efficiency. A 1990 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee) overview of auto A/C alternatives, recognized this as a promising mobile air conditioning system, saying that its high energy efficiency would increase miles per gallon (mpg), if reliability and durability could be demonstrated. Due to current industry preference for HFC-134a for auto A/C, however, other Stirling applications are being pursued by Stirling Thermal first. Christine Lewis, (313) 995-1755. (See Ch.IV, p.12) WHIRLPOOL, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Whirpool has developed flat panels using inert gases such as argon and krypton with low thermal conductivity, which are expected to be introduced to models of home appliances soon. As of January 1993, Whirlpool is one of the two finalists (with Frigidaire) in the California utilities super energy efficient refrigerator (SERP) program and it is likely the design utilizes this technology. (616) 923 5000, Chuck Bercher (616) 923-5415, Mike Kauffman, (616) 923-5363. (See Ch.VII, p.31) Minnesota 3M CORP., St Paul, Minnesota. 3M is an international corporation that has done work with Perflourobutane as a halon replacement for specific, demanding fire protection situations, now under study by the US Navy for halon replacement in ship and aircraft. Louis Cove (612) 733-?376. (See Ch.V, p.20) FREMONT INDUSTRIES, Shakopee, Minnesota. Manufacturer specializing in water based chemicals including the "400 series" aqueous cleaning range. Tom Siemering, (612) 445-4121. (See Ch.V, p.20) Missouri PAUL MUELLER CO., Springfield, Missouri. Produces commercial scale ammonia refrigeration units and glycol refrigerant units for certain applications. Les Gardner, (417) 831-3000. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Nevada AMERICAN PACIFIC CORPORATION, Las Vegas, Nevada. American Pacific are makers of "Halotron 1" fire suppression system. American Pacific is now involved in a US Navy cooperative program undergoing testing to replace ozone depleting Halon 1211, for specific, demanding military situations. Halotron 1 is being tested in traditional extinguishers with use of a simple adjustment kit costing less than $5, and extinguisher containers can be refilled relatively simply. The halon replacement program of the Navy is one common to all armed services and a review of the alternatives competition is scheduled for early 1993 for which "Halotron 1" is a major contender. Most military services have already discontinued training with Halon 1211, and "Halotron 1" is likely to be the main replacement for military fire suppression needs relating to aircraft, ships and fighting vehicles. (7023 735-2200. (See Ch. VIII, p.37) New Hampshire HOLLIS AUTOMATION, Nashua, New Hampshire. Supplies inert atmosphere soldering equipment that avoids the need for flux and cleaning in numerous applications, and aqueous based cleaning agents. (603) 889-1121, 883-2488. (See Ch.V, p.20) VITRIONICS, (GRAM CLEANING SYSTEMS), Newmarket, New Hampshire. A leader in CFC replacement, Vitrionics manufactures inert atmosphere soldering equipment that avoids the need for flux and cleaning during soldering (also manufactures aqueous and semi- aqueous cleaning agents under the "Enviro-clean" label). Gary Atalla, (603) 659-6550. (See Ch.V, p.20) New Jersey AIRCO INDUSTRIAL GASES, Birmingham, Alabama, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Airco is the distributor for ROCEP, Scotland (UK) (Canadian distributor is CANOX). Rocep has a patented "Polygas" propellant systems which represents a new generation unique propellant release mechanism, soon to be marketed in the US. It has the advantages of non-flammability, low VOC rating and no solvent abuse potential. It is based on concept of compressed gas absorbed into a polymer using a solvent as a carrier. The gas is released on demand without a pressure drop, and later reabsorbed back into a polymer, avoiding emissions. Initial use will be for aerosols using CO2. Dave Cobb (Alabama), (205) 254-1888, (New Jersey) (908) 464-8100. (See Ch.VI, p.26) ALPHA METALS, Jersey City, New Jersey. Provides full range of in-line cleaning equipment, batch cleaning equipment, inert atmosphere soldering equipment and "no-clean" low-solid flux; and aqueous cleaning agents and semi-aqueous cleaning agents, including "Bioact-Ec7" produced in joint development with PETROFERM. Andy Hoover (201) 434-6778. (Products also distributed through ARGUS INTERNATIONAL, New Jersey, (609) 4661677. (See Ch.V, p.20) ARGUS INTERNATIONAL, Hopewell, New Jersey. Products includes inert gas atmosphere soldering equipment that obviates need for flux in numerous applications. (60:9) 466-1677. (See Ch.V, p.20) AT&T ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Princeton; New Jersey. AT&T made one of the earliest decisions to eliminate CFC-113 and other ODCs from its operations. AT&T has developed a "no-clean" low-solids fluxer with sprayer for higher efficiency, which requires no subsequent cleaning of flux and which has sold its 100th unit around the world. (609) 639-2593. (See Ch.V, p.20) BASF CORPORATION, Parsippany, New Jersey. BASF has developed the semi-aqueous "NMP" product specifically for de-greasing and silicon chip cleaning. (800) 543-1740. (See Ch.V, p.20) CREST-ULTRASONICS, Trenton, New Jersey. Crest designed and sells the "Chem-Crest" aqueous cleaners range, sad supplies associated aqueous cleaning equipment. Mr. Samu Awad, (609)-883-4000. (See Ch.V, p.20) DES CHAMPS LABS, Livingston, New Jersey. Des Champs Labs makes indirect type evaporative coolers using plate-type heat exchangers as precoolers designed to realize power savings in the Northeast of some 79%, sad payback of installation costs in three years, for example. (201) 535-8300. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ECOKING, CRYODYNAMICS INC., Mountainside, New Jersey. A small innovative development company, Ecoking has a production test model refrigerated truck using a modified, advanced Stirling Cycle motor. Dr Stephen Malakar is a pioneer in Stirling Cycle with over 100 patents but has spent considerable energy resisting a take over effort by Westinghouse Corp., leading to lengthy court battles. The truck unit is for very low temperature refrigeration and freezer applications. Ecoking is looking for a manufacturing partner. Ecoking also has a home refrigerator using Stirling Cycle in a pre-production stage which requires a manufacture partner. Dr Malaker, (908) 317-9841. (See Ch.lV, p.12) FINE ORGANICS CORPORATION, Lodi, New Jersey. A new company that produces "FO" aqueous solvents range. Lou Goldberg, (201) 472-6800. (See Ch.V, p.20) OAKTITE PRODUCTS, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. Manufactures aqueous (and semi-aqueous) solvents and fluxes, including "Citradet" is a semi-aqueous terpene based system with a citrus base. K.P. Mitchell, (201) 464-6900, (800) 526-4473. (See Ch.V, p.20) SIEMENS, Iselin, New Jersey. Siemens is an international electronics corporation which was one of the leaders in the decision to phase out CFCs, and decided in 1989 to use no more components cleaned with CFC-113 from suppliers. In 1992 Siemens developed a new soldering process with a special "no-clean" film rather than a traditional flux, that does not require subsequent cleaning. (908) 321-4300 / 4346. (See Ch.V, p.20) SOMERSET TECHNOLOGIES, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Kathabar Systems Division is a leading manufacturer of commercial and industrial scale dehumidification systems, with numerous variants of the advanced "Kathabar" units. The units use a unique chemically stable liquid desiccant "Kathene", and can provide up to 5000 lb moisture removal for use in high humidity areas. They can add on and displace conventional CFC/HCFC cooling and add on to evaporative cooling systems. Joe Pash, (908) 356-6000. (See Ch.IV, p.12) New Mexico AZTEC INTERNATIONAL, Albuquerque, New Mexico. One of the larger evaporative cooling manufacturers, Aztec has a complete line of indirect and direct evaporative coolers with high efficiencies and custom units of all types. Aztec's line includes very compact, advanced four-stage coolers that essentially dry cool outside sir three times. Aztec contends their systems are efficient enough to be used virtually anywhere in the US without the need for a CFC system. Kenneth B. Bechmann, (800) 545-8306. (See Ch.IV, p.12) EVAPORATIVE COOLING INSTlTUTE, SOUTHWEST TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTlTUTE, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico. The Evaporative Cooling Institute is a clearinghouse for information on evaporative cooling manufacturers sad technological developments and promotion of evaporative cooling in the US. The institute emphasizes that with technological advances, evaporative cooling is no longer confined to dryer areas of the US (35%), that new "indirect cooling" allows use of evaporative systems in another 40% of the US, and is often combined with new drying or desiccant technology. Also add-on or "pre-cooling" units can be used anywhere in the US to displace existing CFC/HCFC/HFC cooling capacity with great energy savings. The ECI stresses the difficulties of evaporative cooling breaking into newer markets in the more humid east, where they often rely on distributors and suppliers who are not up to date with evaporative technology and who also distribute HCFC/HFC cooling technology. Robert Foster, (505) 646-1846 / 646-4104. (see Ms. Pat Thomas of MUNTERS, Florida, for further work of the ECI). LOS ALAMOS LABORATORY, Los Alamos, New Mexico. Sonic compression or 'sound wave refrigeration', uses sound to compress refrigerants which replaces the traditional compressor and need for lubricants. Harmless inert gases such as argon or helium are used as the refrigerant gas in Stirling engines, instead of CFCs, HCFCs or HFCs. The technology developed at Los Alamos, could represent a major breakthrough using a variety of refrigerants and save up to 40% in energy over current electrical motors. The system is also an energy saving "drop-in" for current refrigerator corepressors and projected mass production cost of Stirling cycle is judged by the Los Alamos team to be very low. Mr Greg Swift (Los Alamos), (505) 667-5061, 665-0640. (See Ch.IV, p.12) SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES, Albuquerque, New Mexico / MOTOROLA, Illinois. With DOE funding and in a joint project with defense oriented contractor Motorola Corp., Sandia is examining soldering method without fluxes (and therefore the need for subsequent cleaning). Sandia is examining several concepts including a thermochemical surface activation soldering process, a flux-less laser soldering process. A third approach may be near marketing, and would be perhaps the largest commercial scale inert atmosphere soldering equipment process thus far. The inert atmosphere eliminates resin flux and therefore the need for subsequent cleaning. A dilute formic acid vapor in an inert nitrogen 'blanket', serves as an inert atmosphere that inhibits oxidation of components during soldering. It has been designed in part to meet high military specifications (MILSPEC) for electronics components. Motorola (708) 576-5000 / 397-50()0; Sandia, Robert L. Inman, (505) 844-8834. (See Ch.V, p.20) New York CARLYSLE COMPRESSORS CO, (DIVISON OF CARRIER CORP.), Syracuse, Mew York. Carlysle specializes in compressor production and servicing of all kinds including hydrocarbon (propane, butane, iso-butane) cooling and refrigeration compressors used in certain industrial applications, and particularly at petroleum refineries worldwide, where there are numerous operating and cost advantages. (315) 432-6237. (See Ch.IV, p.12) CARRIER CORPORATION, (DIV OF UNITED TECHNOLOGIES), Syracuse, New York. Major heating, cooling air conditioning and refrigeration manufacturer (HVACR) which designed and sells some 16 models of large scale absorption cycle cooling systems based on water (as refrigerant) and lithium bromide, for industrial, commercial, and residential air conditioning or water cooling. Carrier's latest model is extremely large at 450 tons of cooling (double effect, indirect fired model) one of which was installed in a six story office building in Long Island, NY. Models can use building waste heat, or steam for power to save energy, and using electricity are particularly economical during peak demand (for 'peak shaving' of energy cost) or when powered by natural gas. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. The systems are marketed by Carrier under the banner of "saving the ozone layer". Carrier confirms that, like most major HVACR manufacturers, they are working on advanced energy efficient models for what is to be a growing market. Carrier is having units manufactured in Japan by Ebara Corp, but will soon start production in the US. Jon Sanberg, (203) 674-3132. In another area of CFC/HCFC replacement, in April 1991 the Wall Street Journal reported Carrier as investigating Stirling Cycle refrigeration. Carrier confirms that it has spent millions in Stirling Cycle research, but the marketed product thus far has been for cryogenic medical applications (using helium) for very low temperature medical uses. Carrier has no current plans to expand uses into domestic or commercial refrigeration applications, citing cost of the units. Lastly, Carrier's product line includes industrial and commercial scale ammonia refrigeration systems for numerous applications Jon Sanberg, (203) 674-3132. (See Ch.IV, p.12) GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL / NEW YORK STATE ENERGY R&D AUTHORITY, Rochester, New York. Genencor and the New York State Energy R&D Authority have developed and tested a unique "ice-pond" technology that captures winter-time coldness (in suitable regions) in bulk ice packs an stores the cold thermal energy for cooling. The "Snomax Enhanced Natural Thermal Storage (SENTS) ice pond technology involves a spray cooling system that produces ice and cold water which is collected in a lined pond. The chilled water is then drawn off and run in to a commercial or industrial building to provide process cooling (ie cooling required in manufacturing, eg breweries, dairies, food processing). After passing through a heat exchanger, the water is returned to the pond by way of an overhead spray system. Among the innovations are Genencor's patented "Snowmax Snow Inducer," a freeze dried bacterial protein used for snow and ice making that provides for more efficient conversion of water droplets to ice particles. Fully developed, it represents according to Genencor, a financially attractive alternative for virtually any medium or large industrial user of refrigeration located in even moderately cold climates. The ice-pond method can reportedly operate at 15-20 times the energy efficiency of current CFC/HCFC compressor chiller equipment, and able to displace some of the largest demand for CFC/HCFCs/HFCs refrigerants, in large industrial chillers. Kaj Huld, (716) 277- 4300. GENERAL REFRIGERMETICS CORP., East Elmhurst, New York. Major US wide manufacturer of compressors and associated systems for ammonia based refrigeration contractors. (718) 721-3600, (800) 582 0005. (See Ch.IV, p.12) lNDIUM CORPORATION (AMERICA), Utica, New York. An international corporation in top four of solder and solvents sector, that provides two "no-clean" low solid fluxes, "NCSMQ-51" and "NCSMQ-71" and water soluble flux "WMA-SMQ-61". Steve Redmond, (315) 768-6400. (See Ch.V, p.20) MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INC (MTI), Latham, New York. MTI is a large science based hi-tech development and marketing company. The Power Systems Division is the largest US based team of designers and engineers working on Stirling Cycle engines. One MTI project involves power production for the NASA Space Station using Stirling Cycle engines. MTIs Stirling Cycle design is applicable to HVAC and refrigeration, to power vehicles and buses solely or in hybrid engines (having already successfully powered autos) with low emission, as compressors and generators. Another project involves a residential Heat-Activated Pump (HAP) now under development, would be a "free-piston" design Stirling Cycle Pump (3kw) using natural gas as a power source, ironically, for a traditional CFC/HCFC compressor for residential cooling and heating. This project is in cooperation with Lennox Industries, and sponsored by the Gas Research Institute, Consolidated Natural Gas Co. and the Department of Energy. MTEs pre-production line of Stirling Cycle engines requires manufacturing partners. MM confirms that Stirling Cycle refrigeration and cooling cycles remain inexplicably the least responsive market and generates the least interest from large US manufacturers, while using Stirling Cycle for power production is expanding. However, MTI is currently working with the US Department of Defense on a combined Stirling Cycle power unit with attached Stirling Cooling cycle that could provide both independent power and air conditioning for remote battlefield conditions. Bruce Goldwater, Gary Antonelli, (518) 785-2299, (518) 785-2859. (See Ch.IV, p.12) NIAGARA SYSTEMS, Buffalo, New York. Niagara is a large producer of industrial scale ammonia using refrigeration units. Jack T. Rowland, (716) 875-2000. (See Ch.IV, p.12) SONO TEK, Poughkeepsie, New York - Santa Clara, California. Sono Tek has developed a low-solids flux, "SonoFlex" (and other water soluble flux and pastes) which are sold internationally. Scott Mallen, (914) 471-6090. (See Ch.V, p.20) Nebraska VARI-COOL, Hastings, Nebraska - Santa Rosa, California. A division of Hastings Industries, sells packaged direct and indirect evaporative cooling equipment, with low energy use design, utilizing unique heat exchanger cores. Dennis Dworshak, (402) 463-9821. (See Ch.IV, p.12) North Carolina PNUMOFIL CORP., Charlotte, North Carolina. Pnumofil offers a broad range of products in the evaporative sector, including engineering contracting, patented direct and indirect evaporation designs, air filters and washers. Wayne Cuthbertson, (704) 399-7441. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Ohio DEGUSSA CORP., Dublin, Ohio. The worlds largest producer of synthetic silica, is a leader in development of vacuum panel insulation using precipitated silica for insulation and structure. Degussa has a pilot panel plant in Europe that is producing panels at a low rate and the company is fully committed to the product. Degussa is looking for US customers and US based production, to gain economies of scale in production. The advantages of vacuum panels include elimination of CFCs in foam, lower thickness and therefore greater appliance interior space and greater energy efficiency. The panels are 3-5 times as effective insulators as CFC blown foams. New 1993 refrigerator energy use standards will assist market introduction. Also use in combination with water blown foam to give structural rigidity is being examined. Kermeth Cwick, (614) 761-5484. (See Ch.VII, p.31) DU BOIS, Cincinnati, Ohio. Du Bois is one of the larger corporations in the solvents field, and produces aqueous cleaners and water soluble fluxes with production plants in four states (PA, OH, CA, TX). Gary Sullivan, (513) 554-4200, (513) 762-6000 / 6839. (See Ch.V, p.20) OWENS-CORNING, Granville, Ohio. Has developed a new CFC free insulation panel made of crafted fibre glass, inside a steel foil container, with some five to six times the insulation value of conventional polyurethane foam insulation. Another system using a double insulation of silica powder and silica aerogel is now under study, but Corning believes vacuum is better than silica powder and silica aerogel. MAYTAG a major appliance manufacture and EPA have been involved in the project, and 50% better energy use was recently demonstrated. Dr Warren W. Wolf, (614) 587-7525, Gregg Bronk, (419) 248-8004. (See Ch.VII, p.31) PROCTOR AND GAMBLE, Cincinnati, Ohio. "Vidal Sassoon Airspray" uses unique finger pump air mechanism that produces aerosol quality small droplets and is patented by P&G. Kimberley Stewart, (513) 983-3865. (See Ch.VI, p.26) SUNPOWER, Athens, Ohio. Sunpower is an innovative entrepreneurial research and development company that has developed advanced prototypes of Stirling Cycle engines, and holds 30 patents that represent technical advances in the Stirling Cycle field. Sunpower utilizes a unique "free-piston" design that increases efficiency in every area, reduces wear and allows a hermetically sealed unit with no need for maintenance: overcoming the disadvantages of earlier Stirling Cycle engines. In Stirling Cycle the Helium gas is shuttled back and forth in the engine, expanded at the cold air input end to absorb heat and compressed at the warm end to reject heat into the environment. Sunpower has a Stirling Cycle domestic sized refrigerator compressor design using helium as refrigerant gas, that is more efficient at cooling than HCFC-22 for very low temperature refrigeration and freezing, and is more energy efficient. The test design has some 6,000 hours of continuous working without apparent component wear, and a design life of the required 100,000 hours. High volume production would put the refrigerator unit under $200. Sunpower also has a Stirling Cycle power generator, fluid pump and heat pump of similar free-piston design. Sunpower designs are applicable to air conditioning, refrigeration; freezing, food transport, freeze drying and medical uses. Major manufacturers are now showing interest based on the rising price and eventual phase-out of CFCs and HCFC-22, and new stringent Federal energy consumption regulations for January 1993. In another, separate breakthrough Sunpower has a working prototype of a unique new compressor design utilizing a single piston. This widens the possible refrigerant candidates to many other gases instead of just HFCs (and overcomes the lubricant requirements for HCFCs and HFC-134). This was developed successfully with an EPA development contract and manufacturers are now showing interest in this design. William Beale, John Crawford, (614) 594-2221. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Pennsylvania ADVANCED CHEMICAL INC, Lansdown, Pennsylvania. Manufactures aqueous (and semi-aqueous) cleaning and soldering products. Mr. Asok, (215) 622-5400 / 861-6921. (See Ch.V, p.20) AMERICAN METAL WASH, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. American is a manufacturer of aqueous cleaning equipment for aqueous fluxes and solvents. (412) 746-4203. (See Ch.V, p.20) FES, York, Pennsylvania. One of the top three manufacturers of industrial scale ammonia refrigeration systems in the US. Jeff Granby, (717) 767-6411. (See Ch.IV, p.12) FL REZNOR, Mercer, Pennsylvania. Reznor specializes in evaporative cooling designs sold on the humid east coast market as add on to conventional cooling system, lowering temperature of incoming air, displacing or complementing CFC cooling and delivering considerable energy savings. Richard Blasko, (412) 662-4400.(or THOMAS AND BETTS, Memphis, Tennessee, John Garevelli (901) 682-7766). (See Ch.IV, p.12) FRICK (DIV. OF YORK INTERNATIONAL), Waynesborough, Pennsylvania. One of largest manufacturers of ammonia based industrial refrigeration equipment. Frick is a division of York International, one of the big three US air conditioning and heating companies (with Carrier and Trane). Mr Jack Bullitt, (717) 762-2121. Mr Mike Ricci, (717) 771-7890. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ICC TECHNOLOGIES, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ICC has developed a market leading latent air conditioning system under the "Desi- Air" and "Desi-Gen" name, that dehumidifies, cools, and improves the quality of indoor air: an increasing need given Federal air quality standards for indoor air. An outside air supply passes through a slowly rotating desiccant wheel that removes up to 90% of the humidity, then the air is cooled with the tightly controlled addition of moisture, but humidity of the air does not rise. One ICC model can process 80 degree outside air to 60 degrees with less humidity. The ICC systems have no traditional compressor, that uses most of the energy. The ICC system can be used alone in most areas of the US (or as an add on "pre-cooler" and reduce the size of any complementary traditional CFC/HCFC cooling), while using less energy, either electric or natura! gas. This is because some 45-50% of the load for CFC/HCFC air conditioning is essentially dehumidification. For example, existing supermarket installations are saving 10-15% on energy bills and displacing other costly equipment. Particularly efficient is the use of waste heat from machinery in larger buildings that can be used to dry the desiccant wheel. The advanced desiccant ETS (TM) is supplied by ENGLEHARD laboratories and can absorb up to 100% more water than existing desiccants. The "Desi" systems are already installed in 50 or so different locations, and are now being widely marketed for use in supermarkets, manufacturing plants, offices, hotels, hospitals, and for medium sized residential air conditioning. The latest version launched in January 1993 is "Desert Cool" a five ton unit designed for large residential or light commercial buildings. Similar systems are being developed to heat and cool single-family homes, the final production line will range from 0.5 to 100 ton. "Desert Cool" will be field tested by the natural gas industry in 1993, looking to expand use of gas powered cooling and heating. Current installations of other ICC models include some 45 supermarkets and customers, H.J. Heinz, Acme Click, Fiesta Mart, retail giant J.C. Penney. A contract with the 2,600 store Cub Foods (Super Valu) of Georgia could see "Desi" systems in new stores every few months. ICC has a contract with the Gas Research Institute (GRI) for a next generation system. (215) 625-0700. (See Ch.IV, p.12) STAL REFRIGERATION, Bensalem, Pennsylvania. Stal is a major international manufacturer of ammonia air conditioning, chiller and refrigeration units. (215) 638-7330. (See Ch.IV, p.12) SUPERCRITICAL PROCESSING GROUP - LIQUID CARBONIC, Allentown, Pennsylvania. Sells a pressurized (super-critical) carbon dioxide cleaning equipment, for removing oils, organic residues, adhesives etc from a variety of materials. (215) 266-9636. (See Ch.V, p.20) YORK INTERNATIONAL, York, Pennsylvania - Texas. York the other HVACR leader sells the "Paraflow" range of absorption air conditioning systems, that uses water as refrigerant in combination with lithium bromide as absorbent. The "Paraflow" range (3 models) has a unique Micro-computer control center for maximum efficiency. Power sources can be gas, oil or waste exhaust heat for power, for large commercial, business or residential buildings, and can reduce peak electric cooling costs by as much as 50%. Both gas and electrical utilities offer rebates to install absorption cooling. York is the major HVACR that manufactures in the US and is developing a greater capacity, gas fired absorption system incorporating new technology for what they see as a rapidly growing market. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. York is the only absorption chiller manufacturer that builds in the US, the "Paraflow" is manufactured in Houston, Texas. However the Paraflow is a Hitachi (Japan) design, with which York has a close relationship reflecting Japanese development of this technology. In another area of CFC/HCFC alternatives, York also manufactures ammonia based refrigeration equipment for commercial and industrial applications and this is enjoying a resurgence. Michael Ricci, (Pennsylvania) (717) 771-7890 or Mark Fallek (7173 771-6349 / (Texas), (713) 849-2122. (See Ch.IV, p.17) Rhode Island AIM PRODUCTS, Smithfield, Rhode Island. A new company solely devoted to "no-clean" fluxes and processes with the "291-AX" product line. Reportedly among the best tested for corrosivity and conductivity of the solder. Aim is working with ODC phase- out leader, DIGITAL CORP. Don Lockard, (401) 232-2772. (See Ch.Y, p.20) ESP INC, Lincoln, Rhode Island. Smaller innovative company specializing in only "no-clean" fluxes and aqueous, water washable products, currently striving for a near-zero residue soldering flux product. John Bova, (401) 333 3800. (See Ch.V, p.20) GEORGE MANN & CO., Providence, Rhode Island. George Mann markets the "Act-release" solid (silicon) mould release system, replacing solvents (or water) release agents for high quality plastics and elastomer moulding operations, instead of using ODCs. The system is the first marketed self contained system, unique in the industry. John Mann, (401) 781-5600. (See Ch.VII, p.31) Tennessee KYZEN, Nashville, Tennessee. Kyzen (with DELCO of Kokoma, Indiana) have announced patents issued on a series of cleaning chemistries which use biodegradable alcohol mixtures for unique processes and formulations. The alcohol material is derived from vegetable and organic waste, and the cleaners will be marketed under the "Ionox", "Aquanox" and "Metalnox" names. Some have been used over the last two years by larger electronics and military contractors, and have now been successfully tested by US Department of Defense. (615) 831-0888. OAKRIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Oakridge, Tennessee. A 1991 DOE study on global warming impacts of CFC alternative chemicals, identified Cyclopropane as a "drop-in" replacement for existing auto air conditioning designs (that currently utilize Freon, CEC-12) with low global warming potential (GWP). Thus far the auto industry has opted largely for HFC-134a, a non-ozone depleting, but heat trapping or global warming gas, as a Freon (CFC-12) replacement. (615) 574-4712. (See Ch.IV, p.12) OAKRIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY / MARTIN MARIETTA, Oakridge, Tennessee. DOE funding has been provided over the last few years to develop Stirling Cycle refrigeration and A/C, in the Energy Division of Oakridge under Dr F.C. Chan. The project also involved work with defense contractor Martin Marietta. The project is quite convinced of its viability, energy efficiency, and reliability once Stirling Cycle refrigeration enters mass production. The future of the project is unclear however. Dr. F.C. Chan, (615) 574-4712. (See Ch.IV; p.12) NORTHERN TELECOM, Nashville, Tennessee. A multinational digital telecommunications corporation and major producer of printed circuit boards, led the industry by being the first to eliminate all CFC-113 use in its operations through a switch to "no-clean" soldering processes with great savings. Had been using 1 million pounds of CFCs a year in the mid-1980s but NT was the first to phase-out and went quickly to "no-clean", with only some aqueous cleaning in the Santa Clara, CA. plant. Northern Telecom has also eliminated use of all ozone depleting Halon gases in fire extinguishers as part of the same corporate wide plan. Mary Lynn Hillier (Ontario),(416) 238-7162, (Tenn). (800) 667-8437. (See Ch.V, p.20) Texas ACCEL CORPORATION, Plano, Texas. Accel is an innovative young corporation that has designed a unique centrifugal aqueous cleaning and drying system for electronics component soldering, and specializes in "no-clean" technologies. Valerie Owen, Steve Randolph (214) 424-3525. (See Ch.V, p.20) AIR AND REFRIGERATION CORPORATION (ARC), Dallas, Texas. Since 1934 ARC has designed and sold a variety of commercial and industrial evaporative cooling and air conditioning equipment. Ronald Yaeger, (214) 747-0214. (See Ch.lV, p.12) ALTON AIR PRODUCTS, Dallas, Texas. Alton is one of the larger, commercial contracting and evaporative air conditioning manufacturers. Harry Gaffney, (214) 941-0505. (See Ch.IV, p.12) CHAMPION COOLER CORPORATION, El Paso, Texas. A leader in evaporative cooling, Champion manufactures some 40 models of evaporative coolers for commercial, industrial and residential applications. Many are designed for the growing pre-cooler market in the humid east, but efficient designs are meant to provide all the cooling in many humid areas beyond the traditional market. Champion is also the largest manufacturer of portable systems for office, car, mobile homes. Domestic window mounted models claim 75 % less energy costs in many areas. Paul Malooly, (800) 588-2665, (915) 542-0117. (See Ch.IV, p.12) COMPAQ, Houston, Texas. Compaq Corp. is a leading computer and software manufacturer that has developed a "no-clean" soldering process for printed circuit boards that employ materials that are non-corrosive and therefore can be left on the circuit boards, and requires no subsequent cleaning. (713) 370-0670. (See Ch.V, p.20) CONVAIR COOLER CORPORATION, Denison, Texas. Convair is a leading evaporative air conditioner contractor. Charles F. Myers, (903) 463-7191. (See Ch.IV, p.12) ENGINEERED COMMERCIAL CONCEPTS INC, (ECCI) Dallas, Texas. ECCI are makers of "HydroKool" products, utilizing an advanced digital control indirect evaporative cooling unit with steep temperature drops. The high efficiency system is leading to many sales in the more humid east, and is particularly cost and energy efficient for large warehouse and industrial applications, sales include both GM and Ford. William Crum, (214) 484-0381. (See Ch.IV, p.12) GENERAL DYNAMICS, Falls Church, Virginia - Fort Worth, Texas. In December 1992 General Dynamics (GD) became the first major military contractor with no use of CFC or ODC based solvents. GD is using water based de-greasing processes; and a solvent called "FMS-2004" invented and patented by GD; and associated de- greasing fluid recycling technology pioneered at the GD plant in Fort Worth, Texas. Joe Sutherland, (703) 876-3189. (See Ch.V, p.20) LENNOX INDUSTRIES, Carrollton, Texas. Lennox is a major company that has tested a nominal 8.8 kW capacity packaged air conditioning unit with propane substituted for the HCFC-22 refrigerant. Test results were encouraging, and Lennox is aiming to commercialize the product for industrial and light commercial uses. Lennox Industries at the annual EPA 1991 CFC Alternatives Conference in Baltimore MD., made quite a persuasive case for reexamining the relative safety of hydrocarbon use in the home. Mr Dave Lewis, (214) 416-7515. (See Ch-.lV, p.12) MULTICORE SOLDERS, Richardson, Texas. Multicore is a major top five solder and solvents leader internationally, whose product line includes 'no clean' "Xersian-tech" low-solids fluxes and other water soluble fluxes and pastes and cleaning products. Customers include General Electric. (214) 238-1224, Al Clark of X-XELL INC. (703) 786 6686. (See Ch.V, p.20) MUNTERS, Selma, San Antonio, Texas. "Munters Dry Cool" are stand alone desiccant units with conventional chiller parts using a dry desiccant wheel. "Dry Cool" covers 20 ton - 80 ton cooling loads including large commercial applications like supermarkets, hospitals and ice rinks. The units displace CFC/HCFC use by handling the dehumidification aspect of cooling and save energy. Larry Klekar, (210) 651-5018. (See Ch.IV, p.12) SPEC-AIR, Canutillo, Texas. Spec-Air manufactures indirect and direct evaporative cooling modules and packaged air conditioners for institutions and industries; and air washers; combined conventional and evaporative air conditioning packages and pre- coolers. Stephen L. Callahan, (915) 877-3136. (See Ch.IV, p.12) TURBO REFRIGERATING CO, Denton, Texas. Produces large scale refrigeration, chilling units and 25-100 ton ice machines using ammonia. Diane Stevens, (817) 3874301. (See Ch.IV, p.12) YORK INTERNATIONAL, San Antonio, Texas - York, Pennsylvania. York is a member of the big three HVACR manufacturers, and sells the "Paraflow" range of absorption air conditioning systems, that uses water as refrigerant in combination with lithium bromide as absorbent. The "Paraflow" range (3 models) has a unique Micro-computer control center for maximum efficiency. Power sources can be gas, oil or waste exhaust heat for power, for large commercial, business or residential buildings, and can reduce peak electric cooling costs by as much as 50%. Both gas and electrical utilities offer rebates to install absorption cooling. York is the major HVACR that manufactures in the US and is developing a greater capacity, gas fired absorption system incorporating new technology for what they see as a rapidly growing market. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. York is the only absorption chiller manufacturer that builds in the US, the "Paraflow" is manufactured in Houston, Texas. However the Paraflow is a Hitachi (Japan) design, with which York has a close relationship reflecting Japanese development of this technology. Michael Ricci, (Pennsylvania) (717) 771-7890 or Mark Fallek (717) 771-6349 / (Texas), (713) 849-2122. SONIC COMPRESSORS SYSTEMS INC., Glen Ellen, Virginia. Tim Lucas was the inventor of sonic (thermoacoustic) compression from his work at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The functioning can be imagined as a loudspeaker creating high amplitude sound waves, that can compress a refrigerant allowing heat absorption (although it is very quiet). Sonic compressors have a unique compressor design based on these principles, and Sonic has now formed a partnership with a refrigerator manufacturer, and is aiming for a demonstration domestic refrigerator in early 1993, with large scale production in two years (1994). The system could use any refrigerant, including non toxic, non ozone depleting or global warming inert gases like helium or argon. It is unclear whether the industry partner will use such a gas, and it is more likely to be the current industry preferred HFC-134a refrigerant: a global warming gas. This is because the compressor also solves the compatibility problem of HFC-134a (which has a high global warming potential) and lubricant oils required in existing compressor designs, that is troubling the HVACR industry. Sonic Compressors has demonstrated 30-40% less energy use with a variety of refrigerants and applications include freezers and window air conditioners. Tim Lucas, (804) 262-3700. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Washington D.C. DKK SCHARFENSTEIN / GREENPEACE (Germany), c/o Greenpeace, Washington DC. DKK was formerly the largest refrigerator manufacturer in the Eastern block, based in East Germany. DKK is now producing commercially a unique domestic refrigerator using a propane and butane mixture (50/50 ratio) as a refrigerant, with a hermetically sealed compressor unit. The "Greenfreeze" energy use is comparable to current CFC-12 (Freon) designs on the German market, and uses only some 4-6 ounces of propane and butane (equivalent to a large size lighter fluid container). The Greenfreeze has been given the endorsement of German government for sale in Germany. Some 70,000 advanced orders exist for the product with the aid of Greenpeace Germany. A December 1992 Bundestag committee hearing concluded propane and butane were environmentally preferable to HFC-134a favored by the chemical industry, based on cost, energy use and global warming impact, and judged the additional flammability risk of hydrocarbons negligible. The normal home, apart from widespread use of natural gas in cooking and heating, has many products containing hydrocarbons (propane, butane and iso-butane mixtures) as aerosol propellants which are often stored in the kitchen. In the US, propane is piped into homes for power, or specifically for heating or drying and is used for thousands of vehicles as alternative fuels. Damian Durrant, (202) 319-2518. (See Ch.IV, p.12) INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE FOR OZONE LAYER PROTECTION (ICOLP), Washington DC. ICOLP is an association established by primarily larger corporations in the electronics and computer industry that shares technology information to speed replacement of ozone-destroying solvents and ODCs ahead of regulatory timetables. ICOLP and EPA have completed five manuals on semi- aqueous and aqueous cleaning; and solvent recovery, and are working on a "no-clean" manual for general distribution. Mr Andrew Mastrandonas, (202) 737-1419. (See Ch.V, p.20) Washington INLAND TECH, Tacoma, Washington. A smaller company selling semi- aqueous blend of terpenes, hydrocarbons sad ethers for various applications. (206) 922-8932. (See Ch.V, p.20) STIRLING TECHNOLOGY COMPANY, Richland, Washington. Stirling Tech. has emphasized development of long-life Stirling machines for various uses, including a 300 watt domestic refrigerator and heat pump. Research has received DOE funding and there is a continuing Martin Marietta feasibility effort for a Stirling engine for producing power. One design was used by Oxford University (UK) to create the path breaking "Oxford freezer" unit, which showed feasibility of very low temperature use of Stirling engines. Brad Ross, (509) 3754000. (See Ch.IV, p.12) Wisconsin ANSUL FIRE PROTECTION, Wisconsin. The "Inergen" system, approved for North American market during 1993, uses nitrogen, argon and CO2 to reduce oxygen to fires (already available in Europe). WORMALD (U.K.) has recently begun marketing "Inergen", which is a new gas which could become an extremely important replacement for halon 1301 in fixed systems that are still considered "essential uses." The gas has already won official approval in Denmark and Holland, and testing is underway in the U.K. (See Ch. VIII, p.37) ASTRONAUTICS CORP., Madison, Wisconsin. Astronautics is developing magnetic cooling based on the superconducting magnetic caloric effect, whereby heat can be removed from objects in a magnetic field. Currently in research and development and looking for a partner, magnetic cooling could be used in industrial applications perhaps replacing ammonia for deep temperatures or even commercial A/C. There are currently several Department of Energy contracts concerning development of magnetic cooling. R. Foster, (608) 221-9001. (See Ch.IV, p.12) MODINE CORPORATION, Racine, Wisconsin. Modine is a worldwide corporation with an division, with patents on numerous condensors, evaporators and heat exchangers for ammonia refrigeration. Modine is now reportedly developing sophisticated heat exchangers to remove heat as part of the acoustical refrigeration development by several companies. Jim Firestone (environmental division), (414) 636-1200. (See Ch.IV, p.12) S.C. JOHNSON CO., Racine, Wisconsin. Makers of "Johnson Wax" S.C.Johnson was the first major corporation to eliminate CFCs as propellants in mid-June 1975. Johnson has developed an expertise in water based products, hydrocarbon and mechanical pump sprays. C. Georgson, (414) 631-4728. (See Ch.VI, p.26) STOELTING INC, Kiel, Wisconsin. Stolting provides aqueous cleaning and degreasing process equipment. Barb Tasch, (414) 894-2293. (See Ch.V, p.20) TRANE CORPORATION., La Cross, Wisconsin. Trane produces two stage, highly efficient absorption cooling machines under "Thermochill" brand, which employ water and lithium bromide, use waste heat or gas for particularly energy efficient uses (traditional CFC/HCFC systems rarely use gas power) and electricity. Applications are air-conditioning for commercial and large residential buildings. Trane is now developing an advanced triple effect super efficient design for what is judged a rapidly growing market. Gas fired absorption increasingly benefits from a twin pressure of rebates from gas utilities, and from some electrical utilities trying to remove excess demand from the grid. John Syrnanski, (608) 787-4259, Jean Smithhart, (608) 787-3747. (See Ch.lV, p.12) VILTER MFG, CO., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Vilter produces large scale ammonia refrigeration units. Jason Cole, (414) 744-0111. (See Ch.IV, p.12)