EARLY BIOGRAPHIES OF DAVID HUME "The Life of David Hume, Esq." William Smellie from 1800 5/1/95 Copyright 1995, James Fieser (jfieser@utm.edu). See end note for details on copyright and editing conventions. This is a working draft; please report errors.[1] Editor's Introduction: William Smellie (1740-1795) was a Scottish printer, naturalist and antiquarian. From 1765 until his death, Smellie owned a printing business with various partners and was instrumental in publishing the first edition of the . From 1773 through 1776 Smellie and Gilbert Stuart edited "The Edinburgh Magazine and Review," a monthly periodical. Near the close of his life, Smellie planned to write a biographical dictionary of famous Scottish authors with whom he was personally acquainted. Unfortunately, he was only able to completed sketches of John Gregory, Henry Home, David Hume, and Adam Smith. These were published posthumously by his son Alexander Smellie in 1800 under the title (Edinburgh). The lengthy essay on Hume (pp. 149-209) draws heavily from previously published sources, such as from Hume's and personal letters, Smith's , and Smellie's entry on "abridgement" (which discusses Hume). Flattering personal comments and anecdotes are interspersed. Smellie's biographical essays were not well received by the review journals of the day. The criticizes that Smellie's collection of biographies "would have communicated greater interest, had the author imparted particulars calculated to afford a more accurate view of their private conduct, opinions, and tempers, than can be collected from a perusal of their writings, or the public events of their lives, which are already sufficiently known" (1800, Vol. 33, pp. 422-423). The echoes the 's general assessment, and notes that "The life of Hume contains no new fact, nor any important anecdote beyond what we are already in possession of from his own account of it" (1800, Vol. 3, pp. 162-163). The writes that "if the present lives were intended as specimens of the intention and execution [of Smellie's planned biographical dictionary], the public will not much regret that the design is left to other hands." The review continues, however, noting that the account of Hume "is the most entertaining in the volume, but the greater part of it has appeared before, which is indeed acknowledged" (1800, Vol. 37, pp. 448-449). In spite of these negative comments, Smellie's essay is a significant contribution to Hume biography particularly because of the eye-witness anecdotes presented at the close of his essay. The following is from the 1800 and only printed edition of . * * * * {149} THE of DAVID HUME, E/SQ\. IT is an arduous task to give an impartial account of an author who has been the object of so much praise and of so much obloquy as Mr. Hume: Yet the attempt must be made. Mr. Hume was born at Edinburgh in the 26th of April 1711, old style. He was descended of respectable families both on the father and mother's side. His father's family was a branch of the earl of Hume's and his mother was a daughter of sir David Falconer. president if the College of Justice. {150} His family, however, was not opulent; and he being a younger brother , his patrimony was of course, very trifling. His father died when Mr. Hume was an infant: and he along with a sister an elder brother, were left to the care of their mother, who devoted her whole attention to the rearing and educations of her children.. Mr Hume passed through the ordinary courses of education with great success and very early discovered an uncommon passion for literature. This last circumstance suggested to his friends the idea that the profession of the law would be a proper employment for him; but young Hume had an insuperable aversion to everything but the pursuits of philosophy and of general learning; he tells us, that, when he was supposed to be studying Voet and Vinnius, Cicero and Virgil were the authors he was secretly devouring. This plan, however, his narrow fortune was unable to support. He, therefore, made attempt to enter upon a more active scene of life. With this view, in the {151} year 1734, he went to Bristol, and had recommendations to some of the most eminent merchants in that city. In a few months, he discovered that this species of business was irksome and disagreeable to him. In order to prosecute his studies with the greater success, as well as to enable him to live upon his small fortune, he went to a country retreat. His chief residence was at La Fleche, in Anjou, where he composed his , which, after returning to London, he published in the year 1739. "Never literary attempt," Mr Hume remarks, "was more unfortunate than my Treatise of Human Nature. It fell , without reaching such distinction as even to excite a murmur among the .[2]" This complaint is curious, and confirms the adage, that an author is the worst judge of the merit or demerit of his own works. Mr Hume's , as he himself informs us, excited no attention, either of praise or of censure, {152} from the public. No wonder! When much younger, I read that book with great ardour, and with great application. Some parts of it I perceived to be both ingenious and brilliant, and others so involved in obscurity, that I found it impossible to comprehend the meaning. At the period of life, I naturally attributed this seeming obscurity to my own inability, and was often ashamed, for that reason, to acknowledge that I had read it, because I could not give any distinct account of the book. When older, I perused it a second time, and then perceived an ingenious literary , if I may use such an expression. Mr Hume, when he begins an essay, or turns the of any argument, most artfully lays down a seemingly simple position, to which almost every reader gives a ready assent. From that moment, however, the reader is most completely bewildered: For, whenever these plausible positions are admitted, or inadvertently passed over, such is the force of Mr Hume's reasonings, and such the beauty and energy of his eloquence, that no reader can resist the torrent. Dean {153} Swift says, that the best way to conquer a woman, is to catch her by the . But the only successful mode of conquering Mr Hume is to catch him by the . In the year 1742, Mr Hume published at Edinburgh the first part of the Essays. This work met with a more favourable reception from the public, and gave him some consolation for his former disappointment. In 1745, he was invited by the Marquis of Annandale, who was then indisposed both in mind and in body, to come and live with him in England, where Mr Hume continued during twelve months; and, by his appointments in that station, was enabled to make a considerable addition to his small fortune. He then received an invitation from General St Clair to attend him as secretary to an expedition against Canada, but which ended in an incursion on the coast of France. In 1747, Mr Hume was again invited by General St Clair to attend him in the same station in his embassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin. He then wore the uniform of an officer; and, in the character of aid-de-camp {154} to the General, was introduced into these courts. These two years, he tells us, were almost the only interruptions he met with to his studies during the course of his life. But he passed them agreeably; and his appointments, joined to his own frugality, soon enabled him to amass near a thousand pounds. Mr. Hume imagined that his had failed of success more from the manner of writing than from the matter. He, therefore, to use his own expression, the first part of that work anew in his , which was published while he was at Turin. But, at first, this piece was not much more successful than the former. Mr. Hume, however, though he must have felt those disappointments, was not altogether discouraged. In the 1749, he came down from London to Scotland, and lived at his brother's country-house, where he composed the second part of his Essay, which he called , and likewise his , {155} which, he tells us, in another part of his , that he anew. Soon afterwards, he was informed by Mr A. Millar, his London bookseller, that his former publications, except his unfortunate Treatise, were beginning to be the subject of conversation; that the sale of them was gradually increasing; and that new editions were become necessary to answer the demands of the public. "Answers," he archly remarks, "by Reverands and Right Reverands, came out two or three in a year; and I found, by , that the books were beginning to be esteemed in ."[3] Mr Hume, in the year 1751, removed from the country, and came to Edinburgh, which he emphatically terms the .[4] In 1752, he published his , the first work of his which was successful at the outset. In the same year appeared his , "which is," says he, "of all my writings, historical, {156} philosophical, or literary, incomparably the best."[5] But the public were of a contrary opinion; for the book was either totally neglected, or treated with contempt. In the same year, he was appointed by the Faculty of Advocates their Librarian, from which office he received only a trifling emolument; but it gave him the command of a great collection of books and manuscripts. When this Library falls naturally to be mentioned, it would be unpardonable not to tell a truth of which every man of letters in Edinburgh has daily experience. The collection, especially of printed books, exceeds greatly that of any library in Britain; and free access to the perusal of them is cheerfully and politely allowed. On this subject, I must go farther. The occasional use of books or manuscripts in a public library is a most valuable privilege. The Faculty of Advocates, however, not only grants this privilege, but any member of that Faculty can, by his signature, oblige his friends with such books as {157} he chuses out of doors for a reasonable time; and such requests, on all proper occasions, are most liberally granted. The Faculty do more. Literary gentlemen, by giving bond for a certain sum, often acquire the privilege of taking out books upon their own receipts. To this noble collection, joined to the generosity of its proprietors, Scotland, for these hundred years past, has been indebted for the many productions of genius and of learning which have enabled her sons, within that period, to make such a distinguished figure in almost every department of science. I must not, however, omit her powerful auxiliaries. The libraries of the University of Edinburgh, and of the College of Physicians, are very great, and particularly enriched with books of Medicine, of Anatomy, and of Natural History. The access to these libraries is equally easy as to that of the Faculty of Advocates. But, to return. -- In this most favourable situation, where he had an opportunity of consulting almost every authentic resource, Mr Hume formed the plan of writing the . {158} He commenced with the accession of the House of Stuart, and afterwards observed a kind of retrograde motion. Of the success of this work, he acknowledges his expectations were sanguine. "But," says he, "miserable was my disappointment: I was assailed by one cry of reproach, disapprobation, and every detestation; English, Scotch, and Irish, Whig and Tory, Churchman and Sectary, Freethinker and Religionist, Patriot and Courtier, united in their rage against the man who had presumed to shed a generous tear for the fate of Charles I. and the Earl of Strafford; and, after the ebullitions of their fury were over, what was still more mortifying, the book seemed to sink into oblivion."[6] Some time afterwards, he published at London his . "Its public entry," he remarks, "was rather obscure, except only that Dr. Hurd wrote a pamphlet against it, with all the illiberal petulance, arrogance, and scurrility, {159} which distinguish the Warburtonian school. This pamphlet gave me some consolation for the otherwise indifferent reception of my performance."[7] Two years after the miscarriage of the first volume, viz. in 1756, he published the second volume of his History of England, which included the period from the death of Charles I. to the Revolution. This performance gave less umbrage to the Whigs, and was more favourably received by the public. "It not only rose itself," says he, but helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother."[8] In the year 1759, Mr Hume published his . The clamour excited by this work was nearly equal to that against the History of the two first Stuarts. The reign of Elizabeth was particularly offensive. "But," he tells us, "I was now callous against the impressions of public folly, and continued very peaceably and contentedly in my retreat at Edinburgh, to finish, in two volumes, the more early period of the English History, {160} which I gave to the public in 1761, with tolerable, and but tolerable, success."[9] Notwithstanding, however, a very general clamour and many rude attacks, Mr Hume's writings gradually acquired ore and more reputation; and he received from the booksellers higher copy-money than had been given to any other author in Britain before that period. He now found himself not only independent, but opulent; and, therefore, he retired to his native country of Scotland, with a design never to leave it again. At that time, he was turned of fifty years, when, in the year 1763, he received an invitation from the Earl of Hertford to attend him on his embassy to Paris, with a near prospect of being his secretary. This offer, however, Mr Hume at first declined, on account of his age, and the reluctance he felt against mingling again with the gay company of the French metropolis. But, upon his Lordship's repeating the invitation, Mr. Hume at last consented. He was afterwards appointed secretary to the {161} embassy. In summer 1765, Lord Hertford was called home to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Mr Hume was left till the arrival of the Duke of Richmond about the end of the same year. In the beginning of the year 1766, Mr Hume left Paris, and next summer went to Edinburgh with the view of enjoying an agreeable retreat among philosophical friends, with which that city, though not large, peculiarly abounds. Mr. Amyat, King's Chymist, a most sensible and agreeable English gentleman, resided in Edinburgh for a year or two. He one day surprised me with a curious remark. There is not a city in Europe, said he, that enjoys such a singular and such a noble privilege. I asked, What is that privilege? He replied, here I stand at what is called the , and can, in a few minutes, take fifty men of genius and learning by the hand. The fact is well known; but to a native of that city, who has all his days been familiarized with it, and who has not travelled into other countries, that circumstance, though very remarkable, passes unnoticed: {162} Upon strangers, however, it makes a deep impression. In London, in Paris, and other large cities of Europe, though they contain many literary men, the access to them is difficult; and, even after that is obtained, the conversation is, for some time, shy and constrained. In Edinburgh, the access to men of parts is not only easy, but their conversation and the communication of their knowledge are at once imparted to intelligent strangers with the utmost liberty. The philosophers of Scotland have no nostrums. They tell what they know, and deliver their sentiments without disguise or reserve. This generous feature was conspicuous in the character of Mr Hume. He insulted no man; but, when the conversation turned upon particular subjects, whether moral or religious, he expressed his genuine sentiments with freedom, with force, and with a dignity which did honour to human nature. In the year 1767, Mr Hume was invited by Mr. Conway to be under Secretary, which both the character of the person, and {163} his connections with Lord Hertford, prevented him from declining. He returned to Edinburgh in 1769 very opulent; for he then possessed a revenue of 1000L. a year; and, though pretty far advanced in life, he was in good health, and had the prospect of long enjoying ease, and seeing the increase of his reputation. In sprint 1775, he began to be afflicted with a disorder in his bowels, which at first did not alarm him; but he soon afterwards apprehended that a mortification, and of course, a speedy dissolution, were to ensue. Still, however, his cheerfulness and usual alacrity, notwithstanding the great decline of his body, did not desert him. He considered, that a man of sixty-five, by dying, cuts off only a few years of infirmities, and perhaps of peevishness and anxiety. Mr Hume concludes his life with a short sketch of what he apprehended to be his own character and dispositions: "I am, or rather was," says he, "a man of mild disposition, of command of temper, of an open, social, and cheerful humour, capable {164} of attachment, but little susceptible of enmity, and of great moderation in all my passions. Even my love of literary fame, my ruling passion, never soured my temper, notwithstanding my frequent disappointments. My company was not unacceptable to the young and careless, as well as to the studious and literary; and, as I took a particular pleasure in the company of modest women, I had no reason to be displeased with the reception I met with from them."[10] Though Mr Hume believed the disease which afflicted him was to carry him off the stage of life, as we are informed by a letter from the late most ingenious and excellent Dr. Adam Smith to William Strahan, Esq; (of the latter of whom he had such a favourable opinion, that he left him the charge, with discretionary powers, of all his manuscripts, some of which, and particularly that of his own life, were afterwards published;) yet he was prevailed upon, by the entreaties of his friends, to try what might be the effects of a long journey. He accordingly, about the end of {165} April 1776, set out for London; and when he came the length of Morpeth, he met with Dr Adam Smith, and Mr John Home,[11] a gentleman well known for his poetical genius, and particularly for his theatrical writings. These two gentlemen were on their road from London expecting to find Mr Hume at Edinburgh. Mr Home returned with him, and "attended him," Mr Smith tells us, "during the whole of his stay in England, with that care and attention which might be expected from a temper so perfectly friendly and affectionate."[12] Mr Hume's disease seemed to yield a little to exercise and change of air; for, when he arrived in London, he was apparently in much better health than when he left Edinburgh. He was advised to go to Bath and drink the waters, which, for some time, had so good an effect upon him, that he began to have some hopes of recovering his health. His former symptoms, however, {166} returned with their usual violence. From that moment, he relinquished all hopes of the continuation of life, and of ease. But he submitted to his fate with the utmost cheerfulness and complacency. When he returned to Edinburgh, though he found himself much weaker, his spirits never failed him. His cheerfulness was so great, and his conversation and amusements continued to much in their accustomed strain, that, notwithstanding many bad symptoms, few of his friends could believe his dissolution to be so fast approaching. Doctor Dundas, when taking leave of Mr Hume one day, said to him, "I shall tell your friend Colonel Edmonstone, that I left you much better, and in a fair way of recovery." -- "Doctor, Mr Hume replied, "as I believe you would not chuse to tell any thing but the truth, you had better tell him, that I am dying as fast as my enemies, if I have any, could wish, and as easily and cheerfully as my best friends could desire."[13] Soon afterwards, Colonel Edmonstone went to see Mr Hume, and to take a last {167} farewell of him. But, on his way home, he could not refrain from writing a letter, bidding him once more an eternal adieu. Such were Mr Hume's magnanimity and fortitude of mind, that his most intimate and affectionate friends knew they hazarded no offence in taking or writing to him as a dying man. Mr Adam Smith happened to call upon Mr Hume when he was reading Colonel Edmonstone's letter, which he immediately showed to Mr Smith. After perusing this letter, Mr Smith remarked, that appearances were against Mr Hume; still, however, he said, your cheerfulness is so great, and you spirit of life so strong, that I must entertain some faint hopes of your recovery. Mr Hume answered, "Your hopes are groundless. An habitual , of more than a year's standing, would b e a very bad disease at any age. At my age, it is a mortal one. When I lie down in the evening, I feel myself weaker than when I rose in the morning; and, when I rise in the morning, weaker than when I lay down in the evening. I am sensible, besides, that some of my vital parts are affected, {168} so that I must soon die."14 Mr Smith replied, "If it must be so, you have at least the satisfaction of leaving all your friends, your brother's family in particular, in great prosperity."15 Mr Hume said, he felt that satisfaction so sensibly, that, a few days before, when reading Lucian's Dialogues of the Dead, among all the excuses which are usually made to Charon by souls who are backward to be ferried in his boat over the river Styx, he could not find one that suited him. He had no house to furnish, no children to provide for, nor any enemies upon whom he wished to be revenged. "I could not well imagine," said he, "what excuse I could make to Charon, in order to obtain a little delay. I have done every thing of consequence which I ever meant to do, and I could at no time expect to leave my relations and friends in a better situation than that in which I am now likely to leave them: I, therefore, have all reason to die contented." He then amused himself with inventing {169} some whimsical excuses, which he supposed he might make to Charon, and with imagining the surly answers which it might suit the character of Charon to return to them. "Upon further consideration," said he, "I thought I might say to him, Good Charon, I have been correcting my works for a new edition. Allow me a little time that I may see how the public receives the alterations." But charon would answer, "When you have seen the effect of these, you will be for making other alterations. there will be no end of such excuses; so, honest friend, please step into the boat." But Mr Hume said, I might still urge, "Have a little patience, good Charon, I have been endeavouring to open the eyes of the public. If I live a few years longer, I may have the satisfaction of seeing the downfal of some of the prevailing systems of superstition." But Charon would then lose all temper and decency. -- "You loitering rogue, that will not happen these many hundred years. Do you fancy I will grant you a lease for so long a term? Get into the boat this instant, you lazy loitering rogue."16 {170} Though Mr Hume frequently talked of his approaching dissolution with great ease, he never affected to make a parade of his magnanimity. He never mentioned the subject but when the conversation naturally suggested it. Mr Hume had now become so weak, that the company of his most intimate companions fatigued him; for his cheerfulness was still so great, his complaisance and social disposition were still so entire, the, when any friend was with him, he could not refrain from talking more, and with greater exertion, than the weakness of his body could easily sustain. Mr Smith, therefore, agreed, at Mr Hume's desire, to leave Edinburgh, and go to live in Kirkcaldy with his mother, who then resided in that town. The ingenious and well known Dr. Black, professor of chymistry in the university of Edinburgh, undertook occasionally to write Mr Smith an account of the state of his friend's health. Accordingly, on the 22d day of August, Dr Black wrote Mr Smith the following letter: "Since my last, Mr Hume has passed his time pretty easily, but is much weaker. He sits up, {171} goes down stairs once a-day, and amuses himself with reading, but seldom sees any body. He finds, that even the conversation of his most intimate friends fatigues and oppresses him; and it is happy that he does not need it, for he is quite free from anxiety, impatience, or low spirits, and passes his time very well with the assistance of amusing books." The next day, Mr Smith received a letter from Mr Hume himself, of which what follows is an extract. " Aug. 23. 1776. I am obliged to make use of my nephew's hand in writing to you, as I don not rise to-day. I go very fast to decline, and last night had a small fever, which I might put a to this tedious illness, but unluckily it has, in a great measure, gone off." Three days after, Mr Smith received the following letter from Dr Black. {172} "Dear sir, 26. 1776. Yesterday, about four o'clock afternoon, Mr Hume expired. the near approach of his death became evident in the night between Thursday and Friday, when his disease became excessive, and soon weakened him so much, that he could no longer rise out of his bed. He continued to the last perfectly sensible, and free from much pain or feeling of distress. He never dropped the smallest expression of impatience; but, when he had occasion to speak to the people about him, always did it with affection and tenderness> I thought it improper to write to bring you over, especially as I heard that he had dictated a letter to you, desiring you not to come. -- When he became very weak, it cost him an effort to speak, and he died in such a happy composure of mind, that nothing could exceed it." "Thus died," says Mr Smith, in his letter to Mr Strahan, "our most excellent and never to be forgotten friend, concerning whose philosophical opinions men will no doubt judge variously, every one approving, {173} proving, or condemning them, according as they happen to coincide or disagree with his own; but concerning whose character and conduct there can scarce be a difference of opinion. His temper, indeed, seemed to be more happily balance, if I may be allowed such an expression, than that, perhaps, of any other man I have ever known. Even in the lowest state of his fortune, his great and necessary frugality never hindered him, on proper occasions, from exercising acts both of charity and generosity. It was a frugality founded no upon avarice, but upon the love of independency. The extreme gentleness of his nature never weakened either the firmness of his mind, or the steadiness of his resolutions. His constant pleasantry was the genuine effusion of good nature and good humour, tempered with delicacy and modesty; and without even the slightest tincture of malignity, so frequently the disagreeable source of what is called wit in other men. It never was the meaning of his raillery to mortify; and, therefore, far from offending, it seldom failed to please and delight even those who {174} were the objects of it. To his friends, who were frequently the objects of it, there was not, perhaps, any one of all his great and amiable qualities, which contributed more to endear his conversation. And that gaiety of temper, so agreeable in society, but which is so often accompanied with frivolous and superficial qualities, was in him certainly attended with the most severe application, the most extensive learning, the greatest depth of thought, and a capacity in every respect the most comprehensive. Upon the whole, I have always considered him, both in his lifetime and since his death, as approaching as nearly to the idea of a perfectly wise and virtuous man, as perhaps the nature of human frailty will permit. I am, &c. Adam Smith." ______ Thus far have I proceeded in giving a biographical account of this great literary and worthy man. Hitherto this account has been chiefly derived from printed authorities. I shall now conclude with adding {175} a few anecdotes from my own personal knowledge, joined to some other well known facts, which Mr Hume, in , has not recorded. , as well as Mr Adam Smith's to , are written with great candour and truth. Mr Hume, like perhaps every man of genius, had a of temper, which he happily balanced by a strong and decisive mode of reasoning. His works met with so many and often so rude attacks from a variety of authors, that, though he did not deign to answer them in writing; yet, in conversation, he frequently discovered the resentments which he felt from the indelicate and often ignorant insults of inferior scholars. In all cases of this kind, his forcible mode of expression, the brilliant quick movements of his eyes, and the gestures of his body, discovered the acuteness of this feelings, and the highest marks of contempt as well as of aversion. {176} One author, however, Dr Campbell, Professor of Morals in the University of Aberdeen, a learned, a worthy, and an ingenious man, wrote a pretty large book against Mr Hume's , in such a style and manner, and so much like a gentleman, that Mr Hume never spoke of him but with the utmost respect; and often said, that, of all his opponents, Doctor Campbell was not only the most acute, but wrote with the best temper, and in the mildest, though forcible and elegant terms. 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