Path: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!faqserv
From: ld231782@longs.lance.colostate.edu (L. Detweiler)
Newsgroups: sci.crypt,comp.society.privacy,alt.privacy,sci.answers,comp.answers,alt.answers,news.answers
Subject: Privacy & Anonymity on the Internet FAQ (3 of 3)
Supersedes: <net-privacy/part3_761584275@rtfm.mit.edu>
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Date: 12 Mar 1994 14:02:37 GMT
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Summary: Email and account privacy, anonymity, file encryption, 
  relevant legislation and references, and other privacy and rights
  issues associated with use of the Internet and global networks in
  general.
X-Last-Updated: 1993/10/12
Originator: faqserv@bloom-picayune.MIT.EDU
Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu sci.crypt:15206 comp.society.privacy:1689 alt.privacy:8394 sci.answers:974 comp.answers:4127 alt.answers:2062 news.answers:16274

Archive-name: net-privacy/part3
Last-modified: 1993/10/11
Version: 3.2


IDENTITY, PRIVACY, and ANONYMITY on the INTERNET
================================================

(c) Copyright 1993 L. Detweiler.  Not for commercial use except by
  permission from author, otherwise may be freely copied.  Not to be
  altered.  Please credit if quoted.

SUMMARY
=======

Email and account privacy, anonymity, file encryption,  relevant
legislation and references, and other privacy and rights issues
associated with use of the Internet and global networks in general.

(Search for <#.#> for exact section. Search for '_' (underline) for
next section.)

PART 3
====== (this file)

Resources
---------

<6.1> What UNIX programs are related to privacy?
<6.2> How can I learn about or use cryptography?
<6.3> What is the cypherpunks mailing list?
<6.4> What are some privacy-related newsgroups?  FAQs?
<6.5> What is internet Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)?
<6.6> What are other Request For Comments (RFCs) related to privacy?
<6.7> How can I run an anonymous remailer?
<6.8> What are references on privacy in email?
<6.9> What are some email, Usenet, and internet use policies?

Miscellaneous
-------------

<7.1> What is ``digital cash''?
<7.2> What is a ``hacker'' or ``cracker''?
<7.3> What is a ``cypherpunk''?
<7.4> What is `steganography' and anonymous pools?
<7.5> What is `security through obscurity'?
<7.6> What are `identity daemons'?
<7.7> What standards are needed to guard electronic privacy?

Footnotes
---------

<8.1> What is the background behind the Internet?
<8.2> How is Internet `anarchy' like the English language?
<8.3> Most Wanted list
<8.4> Change history


* * *


RESOURCES
=========


_____
<6.1> What UNIX programs are related to privacy?

  For more information, type `man [cmd]' or `apropos [keyword]' at the
  UNIX shell prompt.

    passwd - change password
    finger - obtain information about a remote user
    chfn   - change information about yourself obtainable by remote
             users (sometimes `passwd -f')
    chmod  - change the rights associated with a file or directory
    umask  - (shell) change the default (on creation) file access
             rights
    ls     - list the rights associated with files and directories
    xhost  - allow or disable access control of particular users to an
             Xwindow server
    last   - list the latest user logins on the system and their
             originations
    who    - list other users, login/idle times, originations
    w      - list other users and what they are running
    xhost  - access control list for X Window client use
    xauth  - control X Window server authentication
    
    .signature  - file in the home directory appended to USENET posts
    .forward    - file used to forward email to other accounts
    .Xauthority - file used for X Window server authentication keys
    $SIGNATURE  - variable used for name in email and USENET postings

  The `tcpdump' packet-tracing program is loosely based on SMI's
  "etherfind".  It was originally written by Van Jacobson, Lawrence
  Berkeley Laboratory, as part of an ongoing research project to
  investigate and improve tcp and internet gateway performance.  A
  current version is available via anonymous ftp from host
  ftp.ee.lbl.gov (currently at address 128.3.254.68) file
  tcpdump.tar.Z (a compressed Unix tar file).
  
_____
<6.2> How can I learn about or use cryptography?

  A general introduction to mostly theoretical cryptographic issues,
  especially those frequently discussed in sci.crypt, is available
  in FAQ form:

  >  Compiled by:
  >        cme@ellisun.sw.stratus.com (Carl Ellison)
  >        Gwyn@BRL.MIL (Doug Gwyn)
  >        smb@ulysses.att.com (Steven Bellovin)

  NIST (U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology)
  publishes an introductory paper on cryptography, special
  publication 800-2 ``Public-Key Cryptograhy'' by James Nechvatal
  (April 1991).  Available via anonymous FTP from
  csrc.ncsl.nist.gov (129.6.54.11), file pub/nistpubs/800-2.txt. 
  Also via available anonymous FTP from wimsey.bc.ca as crypt.txt.Z
  in the crypto directory.  Covers technical mathematical aspects
  of encryption such as number theory.

  More general information can be found in a FAQ by Paul Fahn of RSA
  Labortories via anonymous FTP from rsa.com in /pub/faq.ps.Z.  See
  the `readme' file for information on the `tex' version.  Also
  available as hardcopy for $20 from   RSA Laboratories, 100 Marine
  Parkway, Redwood City, CA  94065.  Send questions to
  faq-editor@rsa.com.

  Phil Zimmerman's PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) package for public key
  encryption is available at numerous sites, and is in widespread use
  over the internet for general PC-, Macintosh-, and UNIX-based file
  encryption (including email).  Consult the archie FTP database. 
  Also see the newsgroup alt.security.pgp.  Mailing list requests to
  info-pgp-request@lucpul.it.luc.edu.

  From the RIPEM FAQ by Marc VanHeyningen
  <mvanheyn@whale.cs.indiana.edu> on news.answers:

  > RIPEM is a program which performs Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
  > using the cryptographic techniques of RSA and DES.  It allows
  > your electronic mail to have the properties of authentication
  > (i.e. who sent it can be confirmed) and privacy (i.e. nobody can
  > read it except the intended recipient.)
  > 
  > RIPEM was written primarily by Mark Riordan
  > <mrr@scss3.cl.msu.edu>. Most of the code is in the public domain,
  > except for the RSA routines, which are a library called RSAREF
  > licensed from RSA Data Security Inc.
  > 
  > RIPEM is available via anonymous FTP to citizens and permanent
  > residents in the U.S. from rsa.com; cd to rsaref/ and read the
  > README file for info.
  > 
  > RIPEM, as well as some other crypt stuff, has its `home site' on
  > rpub.cl.msu.edu, which is open to non-anonymous FTP for users in
  > the U.S. and Canada who are citizens or permanent residents.  To
  > find out how to obtain access, ftp there, cd to pub/crypt/, and
  > read the file GETTING_ACCESS.

  Note: cryptography is generally not well integrated into email yet
  and some system proficiency is required by users to utilize it.

_____
<6.3> What is the cypherpunks mailing list?

  Eric Hughes <hughes@toad.com> runs the `cypherpunk' mailing list
  dedicated to ``discussion about technological defenses for privacy
  in the digital domain.''  Frequent topics include voice and data 
  encryption, anonymous remailers, the Clipper chip.  Send email to
  cypherpunks-request@toad.com to be added or subtracted from the
  list. (Traffic is sometimes up to 30-40 messages per day.)  

  From `Wrestling Over the Key to the Codes', by John Markoff, 
  New York Times, Sun. May 9 1993:
  
  > In the obscure world of computer cryptography, there may be no
  > more self-consciously ornery group of coders than the 
  > Cypherpunks, an alliance of some of Silicon Valley's best
  > programmers and hardware designers, who preach absolute privacy
  > in the information age.
  >
  > The Cypherpunks, who often communicate among themselves by 
  > electronic mail protected with an encryption system popular in
  > the computing underground, feel certain about one thing: The
  > Government should not be creating a national encoding standard,
  > as the Clinton Administration has recently proposed.

  From the charter on soda.berkely.edu:/pub/cypherpunks:

  > The most important means to the defense of privacy is encryption.
  > To encrypt is to indicate the desire for privacy.  But to encrypt
  > with weak cryptography is to indicate not too much desire for
  > privacy. Cypherpunks hope that all people desiring privacy will
  > learn how best to defend it.


_____
<6.4> What are some privacy-related newsgroups?  FAQs?
  
  Newsgroups
  ==========

  alt.comp.acad-freedom.news
  alt.comp.acad-freedom.talk 
  --------------------------
    Moderated and unmoderated issues related to academic freedom and
    privacy at universities. Documented examples of violated
    privacy in e.g. email.  Documented examples of `censorship' as
    in e.g. limiting USENET groups local availability.

  alt.cyberpunk
  -------------
    Virtual reality, (science) fiction by William Gibson and Bruce 
    Sterling, cyberpunk in the mainstream.
 
  alt.hackers
  -----------
    USENET Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) posting mechanisms, 
    Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), `obligatory hack' reports.

  alt.politics.org.nsa
  --------------------
    Discussion of the U.S. National Security Agency, in charge of
    international radio surveillance, making and breaking official 
    military codes and behind the Clipper proposal.

  alt.privacy
  -----------
    General privacy issues involving taxpaying, licensing, social
    security numbers, etc.
  
  alt.privacy.anon-server
  -----------------------
    Spillover of debate on news.admin.policy regarding anonymous servers.

  alt.privacy.clipper
  -------------------
    Group dedicated to discussing technical/political aspects of the 
    Clipper chip.

  alt.security 
  comp.security.misc
  ------------------
    Computer related security issues.  FAQ in news.answers below.
  
  alt.security.pgp
  alt.security.ripem
  ----------------
    Dedicated to discussing public domain cryptographic software
    packages: PGP, or ``Pretty Good Privacy'' Software developed by
    Phil Zimmerman for public key encryption, and RIPEM by Mark
    Riordan for public key and DES encryption.
  
  alt.whistleblowing
  ------------------
    Whistleblowing on government and commercial fraud, waste, and
    abuse.  Discussion of claims.  Whistleblower support.

  comp.society.privacy
  --------------------
    Privacy issues associated with computer technologies.  Examples:
    caller identification, social security numbers, credit
    applications, mailing lists, etc.  Moderated.
    
  comp.org.eff.news
  comp.org.eff.talk
  -----------------
    Moderated and unmoderated groups associated with the Electronic
    Frontier Foundation started by Mitch Kapor for protecting civil
    and constitutional rights in the electronic realm.
  
  news.admin
  news.admin.policy
  -----------------
    Concerns of news administrators.  NNTP standards and mechanisms.
    
  news.lists
  ----------
    USENET traffic distributions.  Most frequent posters, most
    voluminous groups, most active sites, etc.
  
  sci.crypt
  ---------
    Considers scientific and social issues of cryptography. 
    Examples: legitimate use of PGP, public-key patents, DES,
    cryptographic security, cypher breaking, etc.
  
  talk.politics.crypto
  --------------------
    The politics of cryptography. ITAR regulations, patent ]
    restrictions, `arms analogies', key escrow, etc.


  FAQs
  ====

  FAQs or ``Frequently-Asked Questions'' are available in the
  newsgroups *.answers or via anonymous FTP to pit-manager.mit.edu
  [18.172.1.27] (also rtfm.mit.edu)  from the directory
  /pub/usenet/news.answers/[x] where [x] is the archive name. This
  FAQ is archived in the file `net-privacy'.   Others are:

  network-info/part1  
  ------------------
    Sources of information about the Internet and how to connect to
    it, through the NSF or commercial vendors.
  
  alt-security-faq
  ----------------
    Computer related security issues arising in alt.security and
    comp.security.misc, mostly UNIX related.
  
  ssn-privacy 
  -----------
    Privacy issues associated with the use of the U.S. Social
    Security number (SSN).
  
  pdial
  -----
    Public dialup internet accounts list.
  
  college-email/part1
  -------------------
    How to find email addresses for undergraduate and graduate
    students, faculty and staff at various colleges and
    universities.
  
  ripem/faq
  ---------
    Information on RIPEM, a program for public key mail encryption
    officially sanctioned by Public Key Partners Inc., the company
    that owns patents on public key cryptography.
  
  unix-faq/faq/part1
  ------------------
    Frequently-asked questions about UNIX, including information on
    `finger' and terminal spying.

  distributions/*
  ---------------
     Known geographic, university, and network distributions.

_____
<6.5> What is internet Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)?

  Internet drafts on Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) describe a standard
  under revision for six years delineating the official protocols for
  email encryption.  The standard has only recently stabilized and
  implementations are being developed.

  - RFC-1421: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: 
    Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures.'' J.
    Linn <104-8456@mcimail.com>

  - RFC-1422: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part
    II: Certificate-Based Key Management'' S. Kent <Kent@BBN.com>

  - RFC-1424: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: 
    Part IV: Key Certification and Related Services'' B. Kaliski
    <burt@rsa.com>

  - RFC-1423: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part
    III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers'' D. Balenson
    <belenson@tis.com>

  Send email to pem-info@tis.com for more information.  See ``RFCs 
  related to privacy'' for information on how to obtain RFCs.
  
_____
<6.6> What are other Request For Comments (RFCs) related to privacy?

  RFC-822:  SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  RFC-977:  NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol
  RFC-1036: Standard for interchange of network news messages
  RFC-1208: Glossary of Networking Terms
  RFC-1207: Answers to ``experienced Internet user'' questions
  RFC-1206: Answers to ``new Internet user'' questions
  RFC-1355: Privacy issues in Network Information center databases

  
  RFC-1177 is ``FYI: Answers to commonly asked ``new internet user'' 
  questions, and includes: basic terminology on the Internet (TCP/IP,
  SMTP, FTP), internet  organizations such as IAB (Internet
  Activities Board) and IETF  (Internet Enbgineering Task Force), and
  a glossary of terms.  Also from ftp.eff.org:
  /pub/internet-info/internet.q.

  > RFCs can be obtained via FTP from NIC.DDN.MIL, with the pathname
  > RFC:RFCnnnn.TXT or RFC:RFCnnnn.PS (where `nnnn' refers to the
  > number of the RFC).  Login with FTP, username `anonymous' and
  > password `guest'.  The NIC also provides an automatic mail
  > service for those sites which cannot use FTP.  Address the
  > request to SERVICE@NIC.DDN.MIL and in the subject field of the
  > message indicate the RFC number, as in `Subject: RFC nnnn' (or
  > `Subject: RFC nnnn.PS' for PostScript RFCs).
  >
  > RFCs can also be obtained via FTP from NIS.NSF.NET.  Using FTP,
  > login with username `anonymous' and password `guest'; then
  > connect to the RFC directory (`cd RFC').  The file name is of the
  > form RFCnnnn.TXT-1 (where `nnnn' refers to the number of the
  > RFC).  The NIS also provides an automatic mail service for those
  > sites which cannot use FTP.  Address the request to
  > NIS-INFO@NIS.NSF.NET and leave the subject field of the message
  > blank.  The first line of the text of the message must be `SEND
  > RFCnnnn.TXT-1', where nnnn is replaced by the RFC number.
  
_____
<6.7> How can I run an anonymous remailer?

  Cypherpunk remailer source is at soda.berkeley.edu in the
  /pub/cypherpunks directory.  It's written in PERL, and is
  relatively easy to install (no administrative rights are required)
  although basic familiarity with UNIX is necessary. Karl Barrus 
  <elee9sf@menudo.uh.edu> has more information and modifications.
  Also, most remailer operators mentioned above are amenable to
  discussing features, problems, and helping new sites become
  operational. Address all points in the section ``responsibities of
  anonymous use'' in this document prior to advertising your service.
  You should be committed to the long-term stability of the site and
  avoid running one surreptitiously.

_____
<6.8> What are references on privacy in email?


  Brown, Bob. ``EMA Urges Users to Adopt Policy on E-mail Privacy.''  
  Network World (Oct 29, 1990), 7.44: 2.
  
  Bairstow, Jeffrey. ``Who Reads your Electronic Mail?'' Electronic
  Business  (June 11, 1990) 16 (11): 92.

  ``Electronic Envelopes - the uncertainty of keeping e-mail private''
  Scientific American, February 1993.

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========

  /pub/EFF/legal-issues/email-privacy-biblio-2
  ---
    Compilation of bibliography on E-Mail and its privacy issues (part
    2 of the work).  Compiled by Stacy B. Veeder (12/91).

  /pub/EFF/email-privacy-research
  ---
    The author at Digital Research tried to formalize their employee
    privacy policy on E-Mail.  The casesightings are divided into two
    groups: US Constitutional law, and California law.


_____
<6.9> What are some email, Usenet, and internet use policies?

  The Computer Policy and Critiques Archive is a collection of the
  computer policies of many schools and networks, run by the
  Computers and Academic Freedom group on the Electronic Frontier
  Foundation FTP site. The collection also includes critiques of some
  of the policies.

  > If you have gopher, the archive is browsable with the command:
  > gopher -p academic/policies gopher.eff.org
  > 
  > The archive is also accessible via anonymous ftp and email. Ftp
  > to ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4). It is in directory
  > `pub/academic/policies'. For email access, send email to
  > archive-server@eff.org. Include the line:
  > 
  > send acad-freedom/policies <filenames>
  > 
  > where <filenames> is a list of the files that you want. File
  > README is a detailed description of the items in the directory.
  > 
  > For more information, to make contributions, or to report typos
  > contact J.S. Greenfield (greeny@eff.org). Directory `widener'
  > contains additional policies (but not critiques).


  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/cud/networks/
  ---
    Acceptable Use Policies for various networks, including CompuServe
    (file `compuserve'), NSFNET (file `nsfnet') with information on
    research and commercial uses. See /pub/cud/networks/index.

  /pub/cud/networks/email
  ---
    Policies from various sysadmins about how they handle the issue of
    email privacy,  control, and abuse, compiled by T. Hooper 
    <hooper_ta@cc.curtin.edu.au>.
  
  /pub/cud/schools/
  ---
    Computer use policies of a number of schools. See schools/Index
    for a full list and description.

  
  Commentary
  ==========

  /pub/academic/faq/policy.best
  ---
    Opinions on the best academic computer policies.


  /pub/academic/faq/email.policies
  ---
    Do any universities treat email and computer files as private?

  /pub/academic/faq/netnews.writing
  ---
    Policies on what users write on Usenet.

  /pub/academic/faq/netnews.reading
  ---
    Policies on what users read on Usenet: should my university remove
    (or restrict) Netnews newsgroups because some people find them
    offensive?

  /pub/academic/faq/policy
  ---
    What guidance is there for creating or evaluating a university's
    academic computer policy?


MISCELLANEOUS
=============

_____
<7.1> What is ``digital cash''?

  With digital encryption and authentication technologies, the
  possibility of a widespread digital cash system may someday be
  realized.  A system utilizing codes sent between users and banks
  (similar to today's checking system except entirely digital) may
  be one approach.  The issues of cryptography, privacy, and
  anonymity are closely associated with transfer of cash in an
  economy.  See the article in Scientific American by David Chaum
  (~Dec.1992).

  An experimental digital bank is run by Karl Barrus
  <elee9sf@Menudo.UH.EDU> based on suggestions by Hal Finney on the
  cypherpunks mailing list.  To use the server send mail to
  elee7h5@rosebud.ee.uh.edu message with the following text:

    ::
    command: help
    
    user@host

  where `user@host' is your email address.
 
  A new set of Internet standards called Internet Mercantile Protocols
  are being developed to support cash transactions in encrypted email.
  See thumper.bellcore.com:/pub/devetzis/imp. Includes a mailing list
  archive and other documents.

  Some papers on the subject of digital cash are available from 
  ftp.cwi.nl:

  - CS-R9323  Stefan Brands  ``An Efficient Off-line Electronic Cash 
    System Based On The Representation Problem''

  - CS-R9318  N. Ferguson  ``Single Term Off-Line Coins''

  Thanks to P. Honeyman <honey@citi.umich.edu> and J. McCoy 
  <mccoy@ccwf.cc.utexas.edu> for contributions to this section.


_____
<7.2> What is a ``hacker'' or ``cracker''?

  These terms arouse strong feelings by many on their meaning,
  especially on the internet.  In the general news media in the past
  a person who uses computers and networks to malicious ends (such as
  breaking into systems) has been referred to as a hacker, but most
  internet users prefer the term ``cracker'' for this.  Instead, a
  ``hacker'' is perceived as a benign but intensely ambitious,
  curious, and driven computer user who explores obscure areas of a
  system, for example---something of a proud electronic pioneer and
  patriot.  This is the sense intended in this document.  See also
  the ``Hacker's Dictionary'' and the FAQ `alt-security-faq'.
 
 
_____
<7.3> What is a ``cypherpunk''?

  From the charter of the cypherpunk mailing list:

  > Cypherpunks assume privacy is a good thing and wish there were
  > more of it.  Cypherpunks acknowledge that those who want privacy
  > must create it for themselves and not expect governments,
  > corporations, or other large, faceless organizations to grant
  > them privacy out of beneficence.  Cypherpunks know that people
  > have been creating their own privacy for centuries with whispers,
  > envelopes, closed doors, and couriers.  Cypherpunks do not seek
  > to prevent other people from speaking about their experiences or
  > their opinions.

  From `Wrestling Over the Key to the Codes,'' by J. Markoff in the
  New York Times, Sunday, May 9 1993:

  > In the obscure world of computer cryptography, there may be no
  > more self-consciously ornery group of coders than the Cypherpunks,
  > an alliance of some of Silicon Valley's best programmers and 
  > hardware designers, who preach absolute privacy in the information
  > age.
  >
  > The Cypherpunks, who often communicate among themselves by
  > electronic mail protected with an encryption system popular in
  > the electronic underground, feel certain about one thing: The 
  > Government should not be creating a national encoding standard,
  > as the Clinton Administration has recently proposed.

  See information on the cypherpunk mailing list below.

  See also the CryptoAnarchist Manifesto and the Cryptography Glossary
  in soda.berkeley.edu:/pub/cypherpunks.

_____
<7.4> What is `steganography' and anonymous pools?

  Closely associated with encryption is `steganography' or the
  techniques for not only pursuing private (encrypted) communication
  but concealing the very  existence of the communication itself. 
  Many new possibilities in this area are introduced with the
  proliferation of computer technology.  For example, it is possible
  to encode messages in the least-significant bits of images,
  typically the most 'noisy'. In addition, when such an item is
  posted in a public place (such as a newsgroup), virtually
  untraceable  communication can take place between sender and
  receiver.  For  steganographic communications in the electronic
  realm one another possibility is setting up a mailing list where
  individual messages get broadcast to the entire list and individual
  users decode particular messages with their unique key.   An
  anonymous pool has been set up by Miron Cuperman
  (miron@extropia.wimsey.com) for experiments.  Send email to
  <pool0-request@extropia.wimsey.com>  with one of the following
  commands in the subject line:

    subscribe
    unsubscribe
    help

_____
<7.5> What is `security through obscurity'?

  `Security through obscurity' refers to the attempt to gain
  protection from system weaknesses by hiding sensitive information
  or programs relating to them.  For example, a company may not make
  public information on its software's encryption techniques to evade
  `attacks' based on knowledge of it. Another example would be
  concealing data on the existence of security holes or bugs in
  operating systems.  Or, some reliance may be made on the fact that
  some standard or mechanism with potential problems is serious
  because they are ``not widely known'' or ``not widely used.'' This
  argument is occasionally applied to mechanisms for email and Usenet
  posting `forgery'. `Security through obscurity' is regarded as a
  very feeble  technique at best and inappropriate and ineffective at
  worst (also called the ``head-in-the-sand approach''). See the FAQ
  for alt.security.  
  
  Some remarks of John Perry Barlow, cofounder of the Electronic
  Frontier Foundation, directed to NSA agents at the First
  International Symposium on National Security & National
  Competitiveness held in McLean, Virginia  Dec. 1, 1992:

  > Digitized information is very hard to stamp classified or keep
  > contained. ... This stuff is incredibly leaky and volatile.  It's
  > almost a life form in its ability to self-propagate.  If
  > something hits the Net and it's something which people on there
  > find interesting it will spread like a virus of the mind.  I
  > believe you must simply accept the idea that we are moving into
  > an environment where any information which is at all interesting
  > to people is going to get out.  And there will be very little
  > that you can do about it.  This is not a bad thing in my view,
  > but you may differ...

_____
<7.6> What are `identity daemons'?
  
  Ident Protocol
  --------------

  The RFC 1413 `Identification Protocol' standard (obsoletes RFC-931) 
  describes a protocol standard that allows UNIX programs to query a 
  remote user's login name after connection to a local communication 
  socket (a connection of this type is established during FTP and 
  TELNET sessions, for example).  The standard is not uniformly 
  supported, about 200 sites and domains currently implement it but 
  the number is increasing (the most common implementation `pidentd'
  has reportedly been ported to over a dozen UNIX variants).  
  Under an optional `HIDDEN-USER' function the user may be able to 
  disable it individually but this capability is not guaranteed.

  The protocol is detrimental to anonymity but as a voluntary 
  standard system adminstrators can decide not to install it.  This 
  standard may represent a trend toward greater authentication 
  mechanisms (as with user verification in the NNTP news posting
  protocol).  This software can be used to enforce e.g. program usage
  (licensing) restrictions such as databases that restrict access to 
  a particular organization.  The protocol can also be used in some 
  cases (when it is supported) to track down problematic users.

  - An `Ident' server can only inquire about connections from a 
    directly-connecting host.  If a user uses that host as an 
    intermediate link in a chain the protocol cannot trace past the 
    nearest link in the chain.

  - `Ident' must be running on both sides of a connection for the
    receiver's identification request to succeed.

  - Reportedly no systems are currently shipped with the Ident 
    protocol installed.  Installation is voluntary on the part of 
    system administrators.

  - The Ident program can be configured to refuse to return 
    information for particular (groups of) users by the 
    administrator although the conventional implementation returns
    any requested user information by default.

  - Some popular freeware packages and sites are now supporting Ident
    services.  For example, the popular FTP site wuarchive.wustl.edu 
    contains a built-in Ident client and will interact with an 
    existing Ident server on the remote machine.

  To determine whether or not your particular Unix machine is running  
  an Ident server, examine the file /etc/services.  If you find a 
  list entry for port 113, your system is supporting Ident.  The line 
  should look something like `auth    113/tcp'

  An implementation of the Ident protocol and related files are
  available via anonymous FTP from ftp.lysator.liu.se:/pub/ident.

  TCP Wrapper
  -----------
  Wietse Vensema's tcp_wrapper suite is a group of programs that 
  `wraps around' the traditional tcp/ip utilities,  such as finger, 
  telnet, rsh, and ftp.  It allows an admin to make origin-based 
  decisions about network requests.  For example, all `finger' 
  requests could be denied or `telnet' sessions could be restricted 
  to certain remote users or sites.

  See ftp.win.tue.nl:/pub/security/log_tcp.shar.Z.


  Thanks to Wes Morgan <morgan@engr.uky.edu> for contributions here.

_____
<7.7> What standards are needed to guard electronic privacy?


  Remailing/Posting
  -----------------
  
  - Stable, secure, protected, officially sanctioned and permitted,
    publicly and privately operated anonymous servers and hubs.
  - Official standards for encryption and anonymity in mail and USENET
    postings.
  - Truly anonymous protocols with source and destination information
    obscured or absent and hidden routing mechanisms (chaining,
    encrypted addresses, etc.)
  - Standards for anonymous email addressing, embedding files, and
    remailer site chaining.
  
  General
  -------
  
  - Recognition of anonymity, cryptography, and related privacy
    shields as legitimate, useful, desirable, and crucial by the
    general public and their governments.
  - Widespread use and implementation of these technologies 
    by systems designers into
    hardware, software, and standards, implemented `securely,'
    `seamlessly,' and `transparently'.
  - General shift of use, dependence, and reliance to means other than
    wiretapping and electronic surveillance by law enforcement
    agencies.
  - Publicity, retraction, and dissolution of laws and government
    agencies opposed to privacy, replaced by structures dedicated to
    strengthening and protecting it.



FOOTNOTES
=========


_____
<8.1> What is the background behind the Internet?
 
  The article ``Internet'' in Fantasy and Science Fiction by Bruce
  Sterling <bruces@well.sf.ca.us> contains general and nontechnical
  introductory notes on origins of the Internet, including the role
  of the RAND corporation, the goal of network resilience in face of
  nuclear attack, MIT, UCLA, ARPANET, TCP/IP, NSF, NREN, etc.:

  > ARPANET itself formally expired in 1989, a happy victim of its 
  > own overwhelming success.  Its users scarcely noticed, for
  > ARPANET's functions not only continued but steadily improved. 
  > The use of TCP/IP standards for computer networking is now
  > global.  In 1971, a mere twenty-one years ago, there were only
  > four nodes in the ARPANET  network.  Today there are tens of
  > thousands of nodes in the Internet, scattered over forty-two
  > countries, with more coming on-line every day.  Three million,
  > possibly four million people use this gigantic
  > mother-of-all-computer-networks.   
  > 
  > The Internet is especially popular among scientists, and is 
  > probably the most important scientific instrument of the late 
  > twentieth century.  The powerful, sophisticated access that it 
  > provides to specialized data and personal communication has sped
  > up the pace of scientific research enormously.  
  > 
  > The Internet's pace of growth in the early 1990s is spectacular, 
  > almost ferocious.  It is spreading faster than cellular phones,
  > faster than fax machines.  Last year the Internet was growing at
  > a rate of twenty percent a *month.*  The number of `host'
  > machines with direct connection to TCP/IP has been doubling
  > every year since 1988.  The Internet is moving out of its
  > original base in military and research institutions, into
  > elementary and high schools, as well as into public libraries
  > and the commercial sector.

  Internet (NSFNet) statistics are available via anonymous ftp to
  nic.merit.edu in the /statistics/nsfnet directory. Summaries
  are contained in the `highlights' file organized by year.

  References
  ==========

  Bowers, K., T. LaQuey, J. Reynolds, K. Roubicek, M. Stahl, and A.
  Yuan, ``Where to Start - A Bibliography of General Internetworking
  Information'' (RFC-1175), CNRI, U Texas, ISI, BBN, SRI, Mitre,
  August 1990.

  The Whole Internet Catalog & User's Guide by Ed Krol.  (1992)
  O'Reilly  and Associates, Inc.
  ---
    A clear, non-jargonized introduction to the  intimidating business
    of network literacy written in humorous style.

  Krol, E., ``The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet'' (RFC-1118),
  University of Illinois Urbana, September 1989.

  ``The User's Directory to Computer Networks'', by Tracy LaQuey.

  The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide. 
  by John Quarterman.  Digital Press: Bedford, MA. (1990)  
  ---
    Massive and highly technical compendium detailing the
    mind-boggling scope and  complexity of global internetworks.

  ``!%@:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks'' by
  Donnalyn Frey and Rick Adams.
      
  The Internet Companion, by Tracy LaQuey with Jeanne C. Ryer (1992)  
  Addison Wesley. 
  ---
    ``Evangelical'' etiquette guide to the Internet featuring 
    anecdotal tales of life-changing Internet experiences.  Foreword
    by  Senator Al Gore.

  Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide by Brendan P. 
  Kehoe (1992)  Prentice Hall. 
  ---
    Brief but useful Internet guide with  plenty of good advice on
    useful databases.


  See also ftp.eff.com:/pub/internet-info/.  (Thanks to Bruce Sterling
  <bruces@well.sf.ca.us> for contributions here.)


  General
  =======

  Cunningham, Scott and Alan L. Porter. ``Communication Networks: A
  dozen  ways they'll change our lives.'' The Futurist 26, 1
  (January-February,  1992): 19-22.

  Brian Kahin, ed., BUILDING INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE (New York: 
  McGraw-Hill, 1992) ISBN# 0-390-03083-X
  ---
    Essays on information infrastructure.  Policy and design issues,
    research and NREN, future visions, information markets.  See
    table  of contents in ftp.eff.org:/pub/pub-infra/1992-03.

  Shapard, Jeffrey. ``Observations on Cross-Cultural Electronic 
  Networking.'' Whole Earth Review (Winter) 1990: 32-35.

  Varley, Pamela. ``Electronic Democracy.'' Technology Review 
  (November/December, 1991): 43-51.

______
<8.2> How is Internet `anarchy' like the English language?

  According to Bruce Sterling <bruces@well.sf.ca.us>:

  > The Internet's `anarchy' may seem strange or even unnatural,  but
  > it makes a certain deep and basic sense.  It's rather like the 
  > `anarchy' of the English language.  Nobody rents English, and
  > nobody owns English.  As an English-speaking person, it's up
  > to you to learn how to speak English properly and make whatever
  > use you please of it (though the government provides certain
  > subsidies to help you learn to read and write a bit).  
  > Otherwise, everybody just sort of pitches in, and somehow the
  > thing evolves on its own, and somehow turns out workable.  And
  > interesting.  Fascinating, even.  Though a lot of people earn
  > their living from using and exploiting and teaching  English,
  > `English' as an institution is public property, a public good.  
  > Much the same goes for the Internet.  Would English  be improved
  > if the `The English Language, Inc.' had a board of directors
  > and a chief executive officer, or a President and a Congress?  
  > There'd probably be a lot fewer new words in English, and a lot
  > fewer new ideas.  


_____
<8.3> Most Wanted list

  Hopefully you have benefitted from this creation, compilation, and
  condensation of information from various sources regarding privacy,
  identity, and anonymity on the internet.  The author is committed
  to keeping this up-to-date and strengthening it, but this can only
  be effective with your feedback, especially on sections of 
  interest.  In particular, the following items are sought:
  
  - Short summaries of RFC documents and other references listed,
    esp. CPSR files.
  - Internet traffic statistics.  How much is email?  How much
    USENET?  What are the *costs* involved?
  - Famous or obscure examples of compromised privacy
    on the internet.
  - Volunteers for EFF, CPSR, Clipper, etc. FAQ writing.
  
  Commerical use of this document is negotiable and is a way for the
  author to recoup from a significant time investment. Email feedback
  to ld231782@longs.lance.colostate.edu.  Please note where you saw
  this (which newsgroup, etc.).

_____
<8.4> Change history


  10/11/93 v3.2 (current)

    More notes on (in)security of internet networks. NIST BBS
    pointer. Digital cash section strengthened with IMP and FTP
    references. Email & posting liability section mentions C. Kadie. 
    talk.politics.crypto and alt.politics.org.nsa newsgroups added. 
    UNIX `finger' utilities and FTP site added (finally!). `finger' 
    identity question rearranged.

  7/10/93 v3.1
    
    Minor formatting, FTP reference fixup.  New Clipper references 
    and quotations. Expansion on Cypherpunk documentation. CFP
    reference added.  Merit Internet statistics pointer. Anonymity
    references added.  Identity daemon function elaborated.

  5/7/93 v3.0

    Revisions/additions to Anonymity history.  Anonymity history &
    commentary moved to new FAQ. Information on the Clipper chip
    initiative.  Minor miscellaneous corrections. Crosslink program
    info deleted. Some EFF out-of-date file pointers not fixed.

  3/3/93 v2.1
    
    CPSR pointer, new UNIX mode examples, digital telephony act,
    Steve Jackson incident, additions/ reorganization to
    anonymity section, part 3.  Note: v2.0 post to sci.crypt,
    alt.privacy, news.answers, alt.answers, sci.answers was cancelled
    by J. Kamens because of incorrect subject line.
    
  2/14/93 v2.0

    Major revisions.  New section for X Windows.  Some email privacy
    items reorganized to network security section.  New sections for
    email liability issues, anonymity history and responsibilities. 
    Split into three files.  Many new sources added, particularly
    from EFF and CAF in new `issues' part. `commentary' from 
    news.admin.policy.  21 day automated posting starts.

  2/3/93 v1.0

    More newsgroups & FAQs added.  More `Most Wanted'.  Posted to
    news.answers.  Future monthly posting to sci.crypt, alt.privacy.

  2/1/93 v0.3
  
    Formatted to 72 columns for quoting etc. `miscellaneous,'
    `resources' sections added with cypherpunk servers and use
    warnings.  More UNIX examples (`ls' and `chmod').  Posted to
    alt.privacy, comp.society.privacy.
  
  1/29/93 v0.2
    
    `Identity' and `Privacy' sections added.  `Anonymity' expanded.
    Remailer addresses removed due to lack of information and
    instability.  Posted to sci.crypt.
  
  1/25/93 v0.1
  
    Originally posted to the cypherpunks mailing list on 1/25/93 as a
    call to organize a list of anonymous servers.
  
  email ld231782@longs.lance.colostate.edu for earlier versions.


* * *

SEE ALSO
========

Part 1
------ (first file)

<1.1> What is `identity' on the internet?
<1.2> Why is identity (un)important on the internet?
<1.3> How does my email address (not) identify me and my background?
<1.4> How can I find out more about somebody from their email address?
<1.5> How do I provide more/less information to others on my identity?
<1.6> Why is identification (un)stable on the internet? 
<1.7> What is the future of identification on the internet?

<2.1> What is `privacy' on the internet?
<2.2> Why is privacy (un)important on the internet?
<2.3> How (in)secure are internet networks?
<2.4> How (in)secure is my account?
<2.5> How (in)secure are my files and directories?
<2.6> How (in)secure is X Windows?
<2.7> How (in)secure is my email?
<2.8> How am I (not) liable for my email and postings?
<2.9> Who is my sysadmin?  What does s/he know about me?
<2.10> Why is privacy (un)stable on the internet?
<2.11> What is the future of privacy on the internet?

<3.1> What is `anonymity' on the internet?
<3.2> Why is `anonymity' (un)important on the internet?
<3.3> How can anonymity be protected on the internet?
<3.4> What is `anonymous mail'?
<3.5> What is `anonymous posting'?
<3.6> Why is anonymity (un)stable on the internet?
<3.7> What is the future of anonymity on the internet?

Part 2
------ (previous file)

<4.1> What is the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)?
<4.2> Who are Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)?
<4.3> What was `Operation Sundevil' and the Steve Jackson Game case?
<4.4> What is Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)?
<4.5> What is the National Research and Education Network (NREN)?
<4.6> What is the FBI's proposed Digital Telephony Act?
<4.7> What is U.S. policy on freedom/restriction of strong encryption?
<4.8> What other U.S. legislation is related to privacy?
<4.9> What are references on rights in cyberspace?
<4.10> What is the Computers and Academic Freedom (CAF) archive?
<4.11> What is the Conference on Freedom and Privacy (CFP)?
<4.12> What is the NIST computer security bulletin board?

<5.1> What is the Clipper Chip Initiative?
<5.2> How does Clipper blunt `cryptography's dual-edge sword'?
<5.3> Why are technical details of the Clipper chip being kept secret?
<5.4> Who was consulted in the development of the Clipper chip?
<5.5> How is commerical use/export of Clipper chips regulated?
<5.6> What are references on the Clipper Chip?
<5.7> What are compliments/criticisms of the Clipper chip?
<5.8> What are compliments/criticisms of the Clipper Initiative?
<5.9> What are compliments/criticisms of the Clipper announcement?
<5.10> Where does Clipper fit in U.S. cryptographic technology policy?

* * *

This is Part 3 of the Privacy & Anonymity FAQ, obtained via anonymous
  FTP to rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/net-privacy/ or 
  newsgroups news.answers, sci.answers, alt.answers every 21 days.
Written by L. Detweiler <ld231782@longs.lance.colostate.edu>.
All rights reserved.
