

                    *THE STORY OF PACCEKA BUDDHA MATANGA*

                            by Sayagyi U Chit Tin


       Ragan ca dosan ca pahaya moham
       Sandalayitvana[1] samyojanani
       Asantasam jivitasamkhayamhi
       Eko care khaggavisanakappo.

       Leaving behind passion, hatred, and delusion, having torn the fetters
       apart, not trembling at (the time of) the complete destruction of
       life,[2] one should wander solitary as a rhinoceros horn.
  	                                        Sutta-nipata, v. 74 [3]

  	This //gatha// (verse) was uttered by Arahats, including the Buddha,  
  on four separate occasions. It was Trst uttered by the Solitary Buddha 
  Matanga and was only heard by him. Then, following the tradition of 
  previous Paccekasambuddhas (perfectly awakened solitary Buddhas), he spoke 
  the verse again at the Nandamulaka mountain slope in the Himalayas. Later, 
  during the lifetime of Buddha Gotama, when Venerable Ananda requested him, 
  the Lord himself gave this verse. Finally, at the First Council 
  (Sangayana), which was held three months after the Great Demise 
  (Mahaparinibbana) of the Buddha, five hundred Arahats were present as 
  Sangitikarakas (recensionists of the Buddha's Teachings), and Ashin Ananda 
  spoke this verse in answer to a question posed by the Pucchaka 
  (questioner) and convener of the Council, Ashin Maha-Kassapa. It has been 
  recited many times since then, notably at all the Councils up through the 
  Sixth Buddhist Council (or Synod) in Myanmar. At those Councils, the verse 
  was spoken in the presence of the Sangitikarakas.

  	Pacceka Buddha Matanga first spoke this verse as a solemn utterance 
  (udana) when he was filled with great joy (piti) after attaining the 
  knowledge of solitary awakening (pacceka-bodhi-nana). His //piti// was so 
  great that this verse occurred to him spontaneously.

  	There is an ancient tradition in India of people turning their backs  
  on life as a householder and taking up the life of an ascetic, carrying an 
  alms bowl for their food and retiring to the forest, especially to the 
  Himalayas in northern India. There, they follow their creed and adopt 
  ascetic practices. This can happen whether the Teachings of a Buddha are 
  available or not. If this is done during a period outside a Buddha-sasana, 
  ascetics who possess the right perfections (parami) can attain the highest 
  knowledge (nana), the Path and Fruition State of Arahatship (arahatta- 
  magga, arahatta-phala). They accomplish this through understanding the 
  Four Noble Truths, just as Fully Awakened Ones (or Teaching Buddhas, 
  Sammasambuddhas) do. They are called Solitary Buddhas or Non-Teaching 
  Buddhas (pacceka-buddhas). The difference between the two types of Buddhas 
  is that //Sammasambuddhas// have developed their //paramis// over a longer 
  period of time.

  	Everyone who is to reach Arahatship must develop the //paramis// for 
  a certain time. The shortest time required is for a disciple of a Teaching 
  Buddha who attains Arahatship but no more. "Great" disciples (maha- 
  savakas) and the two leading disciples (agga-savakas) of a Teaching Buddha 
  must work longer. Pacceka Buddhas work longer still. For Teaching Buddhas, 
  there are four levels of developing the //paramis//. Our teacher, Sayagyi 
  U Ba Khin, gave a table of these periods in his booklet //The Real Values 
  of True Buddhist Meditation//:[4]  

  1.	For Teaching Buddhas (Sammasambuddhas):
  	    	(a)	a Viriyadhika Buddha (one who has effort as the
  		    	predominating factor): 16 incalculables of world-
    			cycles (asa_kheyya, a unit followed by 140
 	   		ciphers) plus 1000,000 world-cycles (kappa),
  		(b)	a Saddhadhika Buddha (with faith as the pre-
  			dominating factor): 8 incalculables of world-
  			cycles plus 100,000 world-cycles,
  	    	(c)	a Pannadhika Buddha (with wisdom as the 
  		    	predominating factor): 4 incalculables of 
  			world-cycles plus 100,000 world-cycles.

  2.	For Pacceka Buddhas: 2 incalculables of world-cycles
  	         plus 100,000 world-cycles.

  3.	For an Agga-savaka (a leading disciple of a Teaching Buddha):
                 1 incalculable of world-cycles plus 100,000 world-cycles.

  4.	For a Maha-savaka (a great disciple of a Teaching Buddha):
                 100,000 world-cycles.

  5.	For an Arahat: 100 to 1,000 world-cycles.


  	Pacceka Buddha Matanga[5] was the last Pacceka Buddha to appear 
  before the Teaching Buddha Gotama. The residents of Rajagaha who offered  
  him alms food each day could not have known all the details of the 
  attainments he had accomplished. They only saw peace and serenity in his 
  face. That was sufficient for them to want to pay respects to him and 
  offer him the best food they had before they ate themselves.

  	Pacceka Buddha Matanga resided in a cave in the Pandava foothill 
  near Rajagaha. From there, he went on his alms rounds to Rajagaha and the 
  surrounding villages, one after the other. His boundless compassion and 
  boudlness //metta// led him to make alms rounds regularly through the 
  residential areas of Rajagaha for the benefit and gain of many. Pacceka 
  Buddha Matanga, like all Solitary Buddhas and Teaching Buddhas, had 
  realized the Four Noble Truths on his own, without a teacher to show him 
  the way. Pacceka Buddhas, however, do not develop the perfections for a 
  long enough period to be able to teach others the Path to Awakening, so he 
  was not able to lead others to the truth he had realized.

  	Pacceka Buddhas enjoy the attainment of the Fruition State (phala- 
  sammapatti) at times and at other times they enter the attainment of 
  cessation or suppression (nirodha). Even though they are in the world, 
  there will be no knowledge in the human world of the Paths and Fruition 
  States. This is because they will only live when there is no Buddha- 
  sasana.

  	One day, Pacceka Buddha Matanga came out of the cessation state 
  (nirodha) and on regaining the use of his senses he heard Deva voices 
  saying, "Sir, sir, a future Buddha has been born in the world." These 
  Devas had come to the human world to worship, venerate, and honour the 
  Bodhisatta.

  	Pacceka Buddha Matanga had the ability to see into the future 
  (anagatamsa-nana). If he had used this ability before going into the 
  cessation state, he would have realized that twenty-nine years later to 
  the day, the future Teaching Buddha, now born as the Bodhisatta 
  Siddhattha, would come to the very spot where he was. Like him, Siddhattha 
  would go on alms round in the city of Rajagaha and would return to that 
  very place to eat the morning alms food given by the same residents of 
  Rajagaha and the surrounding villages who gave to him.

  	The day that the Bodhisatta Siddhattha was born there were thrirt- 
  two marvels in the world. Summer was over and the rains would soon come. 
  With the thirty-two marvels, trees bore flowers out of season, etc., and 
  the Himalayas were very beautiful. Pacceka Buddha Matanga did not see all 
  this because he had entered the cessation state for seven days; all his 
  senses were surpressed and sealed, and his body would be rigid until the 
  predetermined period was over.

  	When he heard the voices of the Devas, Pacceka Buddha Matanga 
  reflected, "A Bodhisatta has been born. He will be the future Buddha. 
  //Sadhu, sadhu, sadhu//." He saw that the worlds of the Devas, Brahmas, 
  and humans were filled with joy. Then he used his supernormal mental 
  powers (abhinna) to see when his own life would come to an end. He found 
  that he would attain Parinibbana that same day. So he went through the air 
  to the mountain named Mahapapata, a mountain in the Himalayas where all 
  Pacceka Buddhas attain Parinibbana.

  	The Burmese commentator describes the scene as follows: Pacceka 
  Buddha Matanga realized that he was the last of the Pacceka Buddhas before 
  the Sammasambuddha Gotama appeared in the world. He saw that he would no 
  longer be in the world when the future Buddha came, so he directed his 
  thoughts towards the destruction of his own life. Then he left the cave 
  where he had resided for many years with the support of the residents of 
  Rajagaha. He had no attachment to his supporters or to his cave. Going 
  through the air, he passed over Rajagaha, which is surrounded by five 
  mountains; he went over all of Magadha, headed for the north into the 
  Himalayas. He went past seven mountain ranges to the Gandhamadana mountain 
  range where the Nandamulaka (or Nandamu) mountain slope is found. On that 
  slope there are three caves: the golden cave (Suvanna-guha), the ruby (or 
  jewel) cave (Mani-guha), and the silver cave (Rajata-guha). Pacceka Buddha 
  Matanga chose the ruby cave in the middle where the Manjusaka Deva tree 
  grows at the entrance. There, he descended from the air, keeping in mind, 
  "All conditioned states are transient, impermanent, //anicca, anicca, 
  anicca// ...," as he saw the withered flowers of the Manjusaka tree that 
  had fallen all around it like a huge carpet.

  	Pacceka Buddha Matanga remembered that this was the place where in 
  the past all the Pacceka Buddhas living in the world assembled on full- 
  moon days and new-moon days. At such times, they enjoyed the attainment of 
  the Fruition State (phala-sammapatti) or of cessation (nirodha-sammapatti) 
  together. When a new Pacceka Buddha came, he would take the last of the 
  prepared seats because the Pacceka Buddhas were seated according to 
  seniority. When the predetermined period of going into states was up, the 
  eldest of the Pacceka Buddhas would ask the newly arrived Pacceka Buddha 
  to explain how he attained solitary knowledge (pacceka-nana) and he would 
  explain how he did so and would repeat the solemn utterance (udana) he 
  made on attaining full awakening.

  	When Pacceka Buddha Matanga appeared in the world, there were no 
  other Pacceka Buddhas, but he kept the tradition by coming to this place 
  and speaking his verse alone. This was the second time that he spoke that 
  verse. When he came back after learning about the birth of the future 
  Teaching Buddha, he had come for the last time. It was time for him to 
  follow in the footsteps of the previous Pacceka Buddhas. Although the 
  actual footsteps had disappeared due to the wind, rain, and snow, they 
  were still clear to him in his mind, and he followed the footsteps and 
  approached a large, flat rock. He took the string of bones mixed with 
  fragments of worn pieces of yellow robe of the Pacceka Buddha who had 
  entered complete extinction before him and threw them into the nearby 
  precipice.[6] Then he lay down on the flat rock.

  	As a Pacceka Buddha, Matanga had eliminated all craving. He had no 
  craving for continued existence (bhava). He had no craving for anything. 
  Whatever he did was in accordance with what should be done. There was no 
  reaction in him as he always possessed functional consciousness (kiriya- 
  citta), states of consciousness that do not give future results. There 
  would be no more birth for him. When the light of a candle is 
  extinguished, it disappears with no trace. We cannot say it has gone here 
  or there. The same is true when the Pacceka Buddhas pass away into the 
  sphere of Nibbana without a residue of substratum. They pass away after 
  entering the concentration of the fire element (tejo-dhatu-samadhi). In 
  this way, their bodies are consumed by fire.

  Sayagyi U Chit Tin


                                  FOOTNOTES:

  [1] PTS edition: //sandalayitva//.

  [2] "... the dissolution of life [= the complete destruction of life] 
  means passing away, the breaking up of the mind; and not being frightened 
  by this dissolution of life because of the fact that [the speaker] has 
  eliminated the desire for life, in this way up till then having shown to 
  himself the sphere of Nibbana with a residue of substratum, at the end of 
  the verse he passed away into the sphere of Nibbana without a residue of 
  substratum." Sn-a 129,12. We use the translation by Ria Kloppenborg, //The 
  Paccekabuddha// (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974), p. 124, n. 163.

  [3] We use the translation by K.R. Norman, GD.

  [4] See //Dhamma Texts// (Dhamma Texts Series 1, revised ed., 1991), pp. 
  60f. See also //The Coming Buddha Ariya Metteyya// (Dhammadana Series 7, 
  1988), pp. 1-4 (references to Pali commentaries are given in the notes).

  [5] Details concerning Pacceka Buddha Matanga are taken from a text in the 
  Myanmar language by Ashin Wunnasiri, a Pali scholar of Myanmar. The text 
  was published in //Dhammaramsi Buddhist Magazine//, n  15, March 1991.

  [6] Ria Kloppenborg's statement (op. cit., p. 56) that Matanga went to 
  Mount Mahapapata "the mountain from which //paccekabuddhas// can enter 
  final nibbana by throwing themselves down from the rock" seems inaccurate. 
  It is the bones of the last Pacceka Buddha to enter final Nibbana that are 
  thrown down from the rock. According to Sn-a 128f., it is at this moment 
  that he repeated his solemn utterance.



                         Worldwide  Contact Addresses
                    in the Tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin
                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


  *AUSTRIA*:  International Meditation Centre, A-9064 St. Michael/Gurk 6,
              Austria;Tel: +43 4224 2820, Fax: +43 4224 28204
              Email: CIS, IMC-Austria, 100425,3423

  *EASTERN AUSTRALIA*: International Meditation Centre, Lot 2 Cessnock Road,
              Sunshine NSW 2264, Australia;
              Tel: +61 49 705 433, Fax: +61 49 705 749

  *UNITED KINGDOM*: International Meditation Centre, Splatts House,
              Heddington, Calne, Wiltshire SN11 OPE, England;
              Tel: +44 380 850 238, Fax: +44 380 850 833,
              Email: CIS, IMC-UK,100330,3304

  *USA (East Coast)*: International Meditation Centre, 438 Bankard Road,
              Westminster MD 21158, USA;
              Tel: +1 410 346 7889, Fax: +1 410 346 7133;
              Email:  CIS, IMC-USA, 74163,2452

 *WESTERN AUSTRALIA*: International Meditation Centre, Lot 78 Jacoby Street,
              Mahogany Creek WA 6072, Australia;
              Tel: +61 9 295 2644, Fax: +61 9 295 3435

  *CANADA*:   IMC-Canada, 336 Sandowne Drive, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1V8,
              Canada; Tel: +1 519 747 4762, Fax: +1 519 725 2781

  *GERMANY*:  Sayagyi U Ba Khin Gesellschaft, Christaweg 16, 79114 Freiburg,
              Germany, Tel: +49 761 465 42, Fax: +49 761 465 92

  *JAPAN*:    Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Trust, Komatsuri-Cho 923,
              Kishiwada-Shi, Osaka-Fu, 596 Japan, Tel: +81 724 45 0057

  *THE NETHERLANDS*: Sayagyi U Ba Khin Stichting, Oudegracht 124, 3511 AW
              Utrecht, The Netherlands,
              Tel: +31 30 311 445, Fax: +31 30 340 612

  *SINGAPORE*: Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Association, 9 Penang Road #07-12,
              Park Mall, Singapore 0923
              Tel: +65 338 6911, Fax: +65 336 7211

  *SWITZERLAND*: Sayagyi U Ba Khin Gesellschaft, Greyerzstrasse 35, 3013
              Bern, Switzerland;Tel: +41 31 415 233, Fax: +41 61 271 4184;
              Email: CIS, 100256,3576

  *USA (West Coast)*: Contact Address: IMC-USA c/o Joe McCormack,
              77 Kensington Rd., San Anselmo, CA 94960,U.S.A.
              Tel: +1 415 459 3117, Fax: +1 415 459 4837

  *BELGIUM*:  Address as for the Netherlands, Tel: +32 2 414 1756

  *DENMARK*:  Contact Address: Mr. Peter Drost-Nissen, Strandboulevarden
              117, 3th, 2100 Kopenhagen, Denmark. Tel: 031 425 636

  *ITALY*:    Contact address: Mr. Renzo Fedele, Via Euganea 94, 35033
              Bresseo PD, Italy.  Tel: +39 49 9900 752

              --------------------------------------------------
      Published by the Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Trust, United Kingdom
               Address as above, registered charity no. 280134
              --------------------------------------------------


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 TITLE OF WORK: The Story of Pacceka Buddha Matanga
 FILENAME: MATANGA.ZIP
 AUTHOR: Sayagyi U Chit Tin
 AUTHOR'S ADDRESS: n/a
 PUBLISHER'S ADDRESS: International Meditation Centre, Splatts House,
         Heddington, Calne, Wiltshire SN11 OPE, England
 COPYRIGHT HOLDER: The Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Trust, U.K.
 DATE OF PUBLICATION: 1995
 RIGHTS & RESTRICTIONS: See paragraph below.
 DATE OF DHARMANET DISTRIBUTION: 16 February 1995
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