                          THE SCIENTIST

VOLUME 7, No:11                                  May 31, 1993
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

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                          NEWS


SUPER COLLISION: The superconducting supercollider will have to 
survive a budget fight in Congress this summer, a battle not made 
any easier for its proponents by a General Accounting Office 
report criticizing the megaproject. But lobbyists from academia 
and industry are marshaling their forces for the fray  
PG   :    1



BATTLE CRIES: Individual researchers and their laboratories 
targeted by several animal rights groups for demonstrations--and, 
in some cases, vandalism--during last month's World Laboratory 
Animal Liberation Week say they are not intimidated by the 
protests and vow to continue their efforts  
PG   :    1



CORPORATE RESEARCH HUBS: Historically, the biotech industry has 
had close ties with the academic community, a fact that is still 
strongly reflected in cultural similarities between biotechs and 
university laboratories. Differences do emerge, however, over 
attitudes toward publishing: When are research findings open 
science and when are they proprietary secrets?  
PG   :    1



The top industrial research centers  
PG   :    7


SCIENTIFIC INFLUENCE: After acquiring support in the German 
scientific community, a group of scientists and staffers at a 
Berlin research institute hope their petition drive denouncing 
the recent wave of neo-Nazi violence in their country will prod 
the government to crack down on the racist activities  
PG : 3




                             OPINION


CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE: In the heated debate over the use of 
animals in research, those who espouse a middle ground--seeking 
scientifically acceptable alternatives to animal models--are 
unfairly castigated by both sides, according to Robert A. Roth, a 
professor in the department of pharmacology and toxicology at 
Michigan State University's Institute for Environmental 
Toxicology and a member of the advisory board of the Johns 
Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing  
PG   :    11



COMMENTARY: Publisher Eugene Garfield offers quantitative support 
for the Council on Undergraduate Research's position that low-
budget, hands-on scientific investigation among undergrads at 
small colleges is more valuable than many people realize  
PG   :    12


                            RESEARCH


WHAT'S IN A NAME? An examination of the titles of journals 
inaugurated in 1992 reveals several trends in the goals of 
research and researchers last year, according to an article in 
the Institute for Scientific Information newsletter Science Watch  
pg   :    14


HOT PAPERS: An atmospheric scientist discusses the atmospheric 
and climatological effects of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo  
PG   :    16


                       TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY


SEQUENCING SOFTWARE: DNA sequence-analysis software has evolved 
from a useful tool to an absolute necessity for molecular 
biologists, and the variety and versatility of these packages, as 
well as the hardware to run them, have kept pace  
PG   :    17


                           PROFESSION


NICE WORK IF YOU CAN GET IT: A survey has found that the median 
stipend paid to teaching and research assistants in university 
physical and biological sciences departments rose in the 1991-92 
school year. But the survey also revealed that the availability 
of such positions dropped during the same period  
PG   :    19


FRANK H. SHU, president-elect of the American Astronomical 
Society, says he'll focus his administration on incorporating 
astronomy into primary and secondary education when he takes 
office as president in 1994  
PG   :    21


                           SHORT TAKES


NOTEBOOK  
PG   :    4


CARTOON  
PG   :    4


LETTERS  
PG   :    12


CROSSWORD  
PG   :    13


PEOPLE BRIEF  
PG   :    21


OBITUARY  
PG   :    21


SCIENTIFIC SOFTWARE DIRECTORY  
PG   :    30



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
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NEXT:




TI    :   Corporate Research: Best Labs Combine Virtues Of  Both 
          Academia And Industry

          Commercial productivity is the payoff when firms 
          provide scientists with a comfortably collegiate 
          professional environment


AU   :    FRANKLIN HOKE


TY   :    NEWS


PG   :    1 & 6


Recognizing the successful tradition of the university science 
environment, industry research directors are carrying over the 
academic spirit in their efforts toward building harmonious and 
productive labs. Their aim is to preserve the pursuit of pure 
discovery and the free exchange of ideas, while at the same time 
moving assertively toward the achievement of commercial goals.


In the biotechnology industry sector, this strategy--geared to, 
among other things, making their companies more inviting to 
talented young scientists--has paid off impressively for several 
firms.


"We've seen that we're competing with academic institutions for 
the kinds of scientists that we have," says Daniel Vapnek, senior 
vice president for research at Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, Calif. 
"And it turns out that the kind of environment that we maintain 
is, in a lot of ways, like an academic environment."


Says Doug Williams, vice president and director of biological 
sciences for Immunex Corp., Seattle: "We have kept our good young 
investigators happy by enabling them to publish their findings 
and go to scientific meetings and be recognized by the scientific 
community at large, as opposed to just being recognized within 
the organization.


"That, I think, has helped us keep some of our very good people."

However, misgivings a researcher might have about being asked to 
keep results secret from scientific colleagues at other 
companies, for example, or to focus only on profit-motivated 
studies, do spring, after all, from the real world of industry 
research: Companies have to protect their valuable intellectual 
property--and the bottom line must be respected in any business.


At one biotech firm, Scios Nova in Mountain View, Calif., vice 
president and director of research John Lewicki says that his 
company tries to support its scientists in every way, including 
encouraging them to publish the results of their investigations.
"But, most important, above all else," he says, "is protecting 
the company's trade secrets. I wouldn't want to give the 
impression that we rush out and publish everything, because we're 
far from that. We're actually rigorous in scrutinizing things."
In this respect, however, the academic and industry research 
realms have become more alike than they once were. Increasingly, 
university scientists are careful to protect potentially valuable 
research findings; thus, the need for secrecy is no longer a 
distinguishing trait of private enterprise.
Given these developments over recent years, the question of 
comparative scientific productivity remains. And by at least one 
measure--the average number of citations per research paper 
published--some biotechnology companies are, in fact, achieving 
success comparable to that of the best academic labs.
In a recent study--conducted by the Institute for Scientific 
Information, Philadelphia--of 35 leading independent, academic, 
and industry institutions, four of the top 10 biotech companies 
(see table on page 7) by citation impact also rank among the top 
10 research producers overall, sharing honors with such 
distinguished research centers as the Whitehead Institute, 
Cambridge, Mass., and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, 
N.Y.

Trading Places
Research in industry resembles that in academia more and more, as 
research directors seeking to compete with the universities for 
the top talent strive to create lab cultures more like those the 
scientists are familiar with in the academic world. As 
differences disappear, the flow of scientists between the two 
environments has picked up, and the satisfactions and 
accomplishments of researchers in for-profit settings has risen.
"In the 1960s or earlier, for an academic to go to a 
pharmaceutical firm was virtually the end of their academic 
career," says Hugh Niall, vice president of research discovery at 
Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., "because they 
disappeared into a black box and were never heard from again. And 
that has changed dramatically in recent years, leading to the 
situation where people do move back and forth quite a bit."
Laboratories in biotechnology companies are, in many ways, 
consciously modeled on the academic labs that originally spawned 
the industry, research directors say. The drive to answer 
fundamental biological questions remains strong among biotech 
researchers, and collegial interactions with the larger 
scientific community--through publications, collaborations with 
university-based scientists, and attendance at meetings--are 
important to sustaining that drive, they say.
Being able to keep scientists' motivation and satisfaction levels 
high translates into high lab productivity, say the directors, 
and so the biotechs work hard to support research environments in 
which both investigator curiosity and the free exchange of 
information are nurtured.



Young investigators, many at the postdoctoral level or just past, 
are often given a good deal of latitude to develop their 
interests and talents, and working research alliances with 
academic scientists are encouraged. In several companies, 
individual scientists are given considerable freedom to choose 
the projects they work on, as a way to ensure that their 
commitment to their work remains high--even to the point that 
different project leaders within a company may compete to woo the 
best researchers into their labs.



"When scientists are recruited here, they really have a choice of 
the areas they're going to work in," says Vapnek. "Often, a 
research scientist makes the decision about which group he or she 
wants to join, so that they're interested in the research that's 
going on in that group. We tend not to assign scientists to 
specific projects."



"The scientists have a great deal of leeway in terms of what they 
work on," says Niall. "So, with a large project, what one can end 
up with is a rather informal project team, where groups of 
scientists from several departments are involved."


But research heads say that doing science in a for-profit setting 
does present some important differences from university-based 
investigation. Companies have a clear self-interest in protecting 
their intellectual property, and this dictates restraint in 
publishing, for instance. And not every idea can be pursued in a 
company lab, whatever its scientific worth, unless its 
contribution to the company's ultimate goals can first be 
demonstrated. For the most part, of course, this means developing 
a drug or other marketable product.



"We do try to discourage scientists from working on projects 
that, although they may be scientifically interesting, would not 
add measurably to the company if they were successful," says 
Vapnek.



Far from hurting the level of science in their companies, 
however, this need to create effective, marketable diagnostic and 
therapeutic products gives the work a sharp focus, biotech 
research captains say. This focus often serves to advance the 
discovery component of the science practiced in their labs, they 
say.



"We will not work on programs [without] clear-cut commercial 
objectives, and commercial objectives that we think are readily 
achievable," says Lewicki. "But there have to be both applied and 
basic components to that science. You can't pursue [commercial 
goals] solely from an applied standpoint, because in any given 
project there are too many things we don't understand."



"It turns out not to be all that difficult to excite scientists 
about targeted goals," says Niall. "It's really, in a way, the 
Bell Labs philosophy."



Research at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., where 
staffers have won five Nobel Prizes, has long served as the model 
for top-quality scientific investigations in a private setting.



"After a while, people realize that they can do just as 
innovative work--the aim of which is to develop a new drug--as 
they could when the aim is to publish a paper," Niall says.



While the company's goals may be products, for many scientists it 
remains important that they be free to publish their research 
findings--or, at least, the majority of them. For better or 
worse, publication is central to the process of science and to 
building a reputation in one's field of interest.



Scientific managers in the biotechs understand that their 
scientists need to have the opportunity to publish their results. 
But they also know that ideas themselves are the most valuable 
products resulting from their efforts and that those ideas need 
to be protected from appropriation. 



Most have some kind of internal review process prior to allowing 
publication, usually including filing preliminary patent 
applications. But differences in degree of openness toward 
research publication do emerge among companies.



"We do worry about [publishing proprietary information]," says 
Jim Rasmussen, senior vice president of research at Genzyme 
Corp., Boston. "There's a peer review within the scientific 
group, a review by our legal department for proprietary purposes, 
and a review by somebody from corporate development, usually the 
project leader. And everybody's got to sign off before the paper 
can be submitted."



"Publishing and presenting at meetings and having a presence in 
the scientific community in general is an important motivating 
factor for the company's scientists," says Scios Nova's Lewicki. 
"And, often, these `proprietary secrets' are really not secrets. 
You have a lot of other laboratories working in the same areas. 
They're bright people, and proprietary information you might 
possess is unlikely to be proprietary for long."



Rather than try to keep the company science secret, Lewicki says, 
they strive instead to persistently advance their research, to 
maintain their competitive edge through constant progress.



"We do what we can to make sure that our intellectual property 
rights are protected," says Williams at Immunex. "But we also 
have to recognize that for the people who are making those 
contributions, the ability to get out there and talk about them 
and publish on the work is also important. We're walking a fine 
line, to be sure."



"We publish between 95 and 99 percent of the work that's done 
here that's worth publishing," says Genentech's Niall. "We file a 
patent before the paper is published to protect the company and 
preserve the intellectual property of Genentech.



"But that can be done very quickly, on the basis of a draft of 
the publication being circulated among the authors. Our patent 
attorneys can normally turn that into a patent application within 
a week or two, which really doesn't hold up a publication at 
all."



Vapnek points out that academia, too, has become more aware of 
patentable findings than ever before. The biotechs are not the 
only ones seeking to protect their intellectual property, he 
says.



"People in the universities now realize the potential value of 
certain things," Vapnek says, "and, very often, will look at the 
possibility of patenting before publications are done. But we do 
want our scientists to participate in the academic community, and 
to do that you have to encourage publication."



"The question of secrecy," says Niall, "is not, in fact, all that 
different from what it is in academia, where there are scientists 
who will jealously guard their results until they're ready to 
publish."




The Next Generation
When very specific skills are needed or an entirely new program 
is to be launched, older scientists with existing records of 
achievement will be sought and recruited, say the research heads.
But, for the majority of their new hires, the top biotechs look 
instead to bring in the best young researchers they can attract, 
generally at the postdoctoral level. They then try to provide an 
environment for these young scientists that they hope will bring 
out the best efforts of the new researchers over time.



Genentech, for example, sponsors between 50 and 60 postdocs for 
two- or three-year appointments. Nearly one in five of the 
company's researchers is a postdoc. The proj-ects given to these 
postdocs often fall into the category of curiosity-based 
research, says Niall. In its attention to developing the talents 
of younger scientists, the program helps further the effort to 
create an academic-like atmosphere.



"The understanding is that the postdoc needs to be given a 
project that is publishable," says Niall. "And for the supervisor 
of that postdoc, this is an opportunity for them to have 
something going on in their lab which is exploratory."



Niall says a few of the postdocs will be asked to stay on after 
their appointments. 



"It does provide an opportunity to identify some really 
outstanding young scientists," he says, "although most of the 
postdocs will go on, as they almost always do, to careers in <M%-
1>academia or20elsewhere20in20industry."<D%0>



Other biotechs also rely on hiring, and then developing in-house, 
younger scientists to meet their research goals. "The majority of 
the scientists that we've hired have been ones who have completed 
postdoctoral work, are now looking at their first position, and 
are deciding whether to go to a company or a university," says 
Am-gen's Vapnek.



"I've tended to bring in people who are just coming out of a 
postdoc and tried to develop them over the years," says Williams 
of Immunex.



"We try to promote people within the organization," says 
Genzyme's Rasmussen, "so, unless it's a major new program, the 
typical hire we'd like to make is a really good young researcher 
coming off of a postdoc."



 One result of the effort the biotechs have made to create an 
academic-style atmosphere is that researchers are more 
comfortable moving between industry and the university than ever 
before. This means that companies occasionally lose researchers, 
often among their more valued scientists, to tenure-track jobs in 
academia. But the ease of movement between the two worlds also 
means that recruiting from the universities has become easier for 
the biotechs than it was, say, for the pharmaceutical companies 
in decades past.



"The other side of the coin in trying to create an academic 
atmosphere," says Genentech's Niall, "is that, almost 
automatically, it creates a situation where people feel 
comfortable moving back and forth [between industry and 
academia]. And I would argue that that's a tradeoff that's a very 
reasonable one to make, because we can point to the fact that 
they've gone to very senior jobs in academia, as many of20them 
have. And that really  helps us recruit new people in."



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    TOP 10 COMPANIES: BIOTECHNOLOGY
          (CITATION ANALYSIS, JAN. 1981-JUNE 1992)


TY   :    NEWS

PG   :    7


RANK    COMPANY         NUMBER          TOTAL           CITATIONS
                        OF PAPERS       CITATIONS       PER PAPER
1       Genentech Inc.  2,181           86,258          39.55
2       Genetics
        Institute       553             20,759          37.54
3       Biogen Inc.     568             20,258          35.67
4       Chiron Corp.    1,691           55,493          32.82
5       Centocor Inc.   243             6,787           27.93
6       Immunex Corp.   541             14,858          27.46
7       Cambridge
        Biotech         140             3,660           26.14
8       Scios Nova      553             10,190          19.12
9       Amgen Inc.      570             9,983           17.51
10      Genzyme Corp.   77              831             10.79

Source: Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:






TI    :   Aggessive Promotional Blitz Aims To Shake  SSC's  Pork 
          Barrel Image

As  enthusiastic  support for the  superconducting  supercollider 
cools off, advocates step up efforts to save the megaproject


AU   :    SCOTT VEGGEBERG


TY   :    NEWS


PG   :    1 & 4


Proponents of the superconducting supercollider are mounting a 
vigorous public relations campaign to win over Congress and the 
United States public and to head off a repeat of last summer's 
House vote to kill the $8.3 billion project.


Funding for the Dallas-based SSC was restored last year only 
through the 11th-hour mobilization of dozens of physicists to 
converge on Congress  (Scott Veggeberg, The Scientist, Sept. 28, 
1992, page 1).


This year, supercollider supporters from both industry and 
academia are getting their campaign rolling early. And the 
efforts are beginning to pay off, says Jerry Staub, executive 
director of the National Association for the Superconducting 
Super Collider, an SSC-promoting industry association. This 
organization--with financial support from SSC contractors like 
St. Louis-based General Dynamics Corp. and Pittsburgh-based 
Westinghouse Electric Corp.--has "hit the floor running" with the 
establishment in January of an office on Capitol Hill, Staub 
says.


"I'm feeling better and better about it all the time," he says. 
"We're going to win."


Staub maintains: "What we're doing, I think, is the way to go. 
It's going around the Hill to see every member of Congress one on 
one." This personal approach is important, he says, because the 
SSC's mission and goals are difficult to sell in a broad sense 
and it's also a project that is "easy to throw grenades at."


One grenade proponents have had to spend a lot of effort defusing 
was a negative report, entitled "Super Collider Is Over Budget 
and Behind Schedule," issued in February by the General 
Accounting Office. Staub says the derogatory tone of the report 
is not surprising, given that it was commissioned by two SSC 
opponents, Reps. Howard Wolpe (D-Mich.) and Sherwood Boehlert (R-
N.Y.). For the report, the GAO based its trend analysis 
projections on the construction of a single building and 
extrapolated cost overruns for the SSC at $630 million. 


But incoming Secretary of Energy Hazel O'Leary defended the 
project in a February 24 letter to Congress. "The Superconducting 
Super Collider project is being managed in a very conservative 
manner," she wrote. And she refuted the GAO trend analysis by 
pointing out that the project is 16 percent complete and has used 
only 3.5 percent of the contingency money allocated for items 
that exceed the baseline budget. "Contrary to the conclusion 
drawn by the General Accounting Office, aside from the effects of 
substantial underfunding in the last several years, the project 
is meeting its budget and schedule goals and the cost estimate 
prepared several years ago is still accurate," O'Leary's letter 
said.


Staub says that Rep. John Dingell (D-Mich.) has ordered a new 
report on SSC costs and schedule, but the damage has been done by 
fueling media attacks on the project. There has been considerable 
negative press this year, says Staub, including a scathing four-
minute segment on the television show "Prime Time Live," and a 
particularly critical series of articles in Newsweek, which 
called it a "quark barrel."


To help shake the SSC's porcine image, the association conducted 
a pro-SSC news conference on April 13 that featured seven 
Nobelists, including former Fermilab head Leon Lederman. The 
group also met that same day with Vice President Al Gore to 
receive his public endorsement of the project. In addition, the 
supercollider association has hired a Washington public relations 
firm, Young and Associates, which has been handling press 
contacts and has been putting on events such as an April 26 news 
conference with Rep. Martin Frost (D-Texas), whose district 
includes the SSC, along with Will Happer, the Department of 
Energy's director of energy research.


Staub says that, thanks to these efforts, the SSC has been taken 
off "the pork list" at most publications.


On the academic side, Michael Barnett, a theoretical physicist at 
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, is once again coordinating what he 
calls an SSC "information campaign" targeted at members of 
Congress. A similar effort last year was acknowledged by 
opponents as playing a powerful role in ultimately restoring SSC 
funding. Last month, Barnett coordinated an excursion by a group 
of about 60 physicists and students who paid their own expenses 
to visit congressional staffers and tout the supercollider.


During the course of this trip, Barnett says, he found that the 
new members of Congress, more than 100 in number, are completely 
unfamiliar with what the SSC's purpose is, and most claim they're 
open-minded. Still, the word in Congress is that the new members 
will vote 2-to-1 against the SSC, he says. Barnett also found the 
GAO report--despite rebuttals from DOE and despite Dingell's call 
for a new study--was an issue during these visits. In his own 
conversations with 25 congressional staffers, Barnett says, he 
found that "not one had an inkling" the report was anything but a 
completely correct reflection of the situation at the SSC.


Barnett believes the supercollider faces a tough battle in 
Congress this year. "If the vote were taken today, I'm told we 
would lose," he says, and so he will keep the pressure up. At 
press time, Barnett was organizing another group of about 60 
physicists to lobby Congress.


Even SSC director Roy Schwitters has been drafted into the P.R. 
effort. He says he appeared on April 29 at State University of 
New York, Stony Brook, for a forum to "educate the local people 
to what the SSC is about." The forum itself, including 
Schwitters's travel expenses, was paid for by the Texas National 
Research Laboratory Commission, created by Texas to protect and 
oversee its $1 billion SSC commitment. Sponsorship of future 
forums is under discussion, say commission officials.


Schwitters, as the one responsible for the alleged cost and 
schedule overruns, has also found the GAO report troublesome. "It 
puts me in a position instantly of having to say, `I am not a 
crook,' " he says.


As for the upcoming battle over continued SSC funding, Schwitters 
says, "It's going to be tough." The mood in Congress is "very 
critical of funding any new project," he says.


The DOE budget that the House is expected to vote on in late June 
contains only $640 million for the collider, reflecting the 
Clinton administration's desire to stretch SSC construction out 
over an extra three years, with completion by 2002 instead of 
1999. The Bush administration was recommending $850 million for 
fiscal year 1994, to make up for last year's shortfall and keep 
the project on the original schedule.


Barnett says that because support in the Senate appears strong, 
the House vote will be extremely important. "If we win in the 
House, we've won," he predicts. "If it loses in the House by a 
lot, it's all over."



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:





TI   :    World Laboratory Animal Liberation Week: Protests  Fail 
          To Weaken Scientists' Resolve

          Biomedical  researchers  vow  to  go  on  using  animal 
          subjects in their labs, despite acts of personal intimidation


AU   :    RON KAUFMAN


TY   :    NEWS


PG   :    1 & 8


Researchers targeted by a wave of protests from animal rights 
supporters late last month vow that the hunger strikes, sit-ins, 
candlelight vigils, and even some acts of vandalism by the 
activists will not deter them from continuing their work.


The demonstrations were staged as a part of a national week of 
protests against the use of animals in biomedical research called 
World Laboratory Animal Liberation Week (WLALW). Animal rights 
activists have sponsored the week annually for the past five 
years--this year from April 24 through May 1. The 1993 WLALW 
featured 36 separate demonstrations at universities and medical 
centers throughout the United States.


Departing slightly from the tactics of previous years, many 
activists observed the 1993 WLALW by focusing their complaints 
not on an entire school or institution, but against a single 
researcher or lab.


One such subject of attention was Larry Cunnick, president of 
BIOCON Inc., a Rockville, Md.-based contract research laboratory 
engaged in animal-related technical services. On his white garage 
door "Animal Killer!" was written in red spray paint; on his 
driveway was scrawled "Leave Animals Alone"; and in his front 
yard was affixed a 12-inch-high cross with a purple flower and a 
purple bow.



Cunnick says he is undaunted by such actions. "This is an attempt 
to intimidate individuals and families, but the animal rights 
people are not an intimidating lot," Cunnick asserts. "In fact, 
they're quite comical. These attacks on the research community 
are causing them to lose support nationwide at a fast rate....



"The attitude I've been getting from the general public is that 
these folks are just plain kooks."



Cunnick was one of five scientists singled out for protest by 
animal rights supporters in Montgomery County and Prince George's 
County, Md., The activists covered homes with graffiti and, in 
one case, broke a car windshield. A group calling itself Animal 
Avengers claimed responsibility for the damage and told the 
Associated Press: "We speak for those who cannot speak for 
themselves. We don't think those [researchers] should be allowed 
to hide behind doors at night. We want the neighbors to know who 
they are."



Cunnick says he has confronted animal rights supporters many 
times in the state capital as legislative committee chairman for 
the Montgomery County High Technology Council, a group of 
citizens supporting the area's biomedical research firms. "Well, 
I've fought animal rights-sponsored legislation trying to stop 
the use of research animals for seven years now," he says, "and 
this is their payback."



Though no members of the Animal Avengers have been identified, 
the Arlington, Va.-based Americans for Medical Progress (AMP), a 
privately funded pro-animal research group, is offering a $5,000 
cash reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction 
of the perpetrators.



Explaining both the purpose of WLALW and the rationale for 
identifying and targeting individual researchers, Michael Budkie, 
a former animal health technician and now national director of 
Milford, Ohio-based Last Chance for Animals, says: "The goal of 
World Week is to expose vivisection as something that is 
scientifically invalid and wastes our tax dollars, raise public 
awareness, and, in some cities, try to shut down specific 
research projects.



"And that is easier to do when you talk about specific research 
proj-ects than when talking in abstract terms."



WLALW has often been a time of increased activism by animal 
rightists; for the past few years, vandalism and illegal sit-ins 
that block building entrances have occurred during the week.



During the 1991 WLALW, the house and car of Douglas Bowden, 
director of the Regional Primate Research Center at the 
University of Washington in Seattle, was spraypainted in numerous 
places with "Animal Killer!" Bowden says he feels that "there's 
something more insidious or threatening about [vandalism] than 
just a simple protest."



Animal rights activists may not always engage in vandalism to 
agitate individual researchers, but rather to attract some 
additional media coverage that a news conference cannot, says 
Cres Vellucci, public affairs director for Last Chance for 
Animals and a former spokesman for the Animal Liberation Front 
(ALF), an underground animal rights group that for the past 
decade has claimed responsibility for numerous laboratory break-
ins in the United States.



"The ALF and people who act like them, such as Animal Avengers, 
have always been nonviolent," he says.



"They destroy property, but it's difficult to do violence to an 
inanimate object, vs. the animals who are sentient and are 
tortured and killed in the labs in great numbers. What they're 
trying to do is call attention to who these individuals are."



However, despite the vandalism that occurred in Maryland, most of 
this year's WLALW protests ended without incident. They included 
a demonstration in Lexington against University of Kentucky 
researcher William R. Martin's use of beagles for studies in drug 
dependence as well as a candlelight march at the University of 
California, Berkeley, to protest Russell DeValois's vision 
research using cats.



Another rally was held in Philadelphia against University of 
Pennsylvania neuroscientist Thomas Gennarelli's use of mini-pigs 
in his Head Injury Research Center. The organizer was the 
American Anti-Vivisection Society from Jenkintown, Pa., which 
said in a press statement that "nearly 100 mini-pigs will have 
their heads placed in a head-acceleration device to produce 
severe brain damage and simulate traumatic coma."



Aiming dissent at individual scientists worries Adrian Morrison, 
a veterinary school professor at the University of Pennsylvania 
on leave as director of the Office of Animal Research Issues at 
the National Institutes of Mental Health. "It's a typical 
terrorist tactic," he says. "Concentrate your efforts on one 
person as an example and thereby hope to frighten many more 
people. They try to intimidate and create a climate where 
scientists wonder, `Well, maybe my research will be attacked 
next.' "



Activists staged a candlelight vigil  April 21 outside the home 
of University of California, Irvine, neuroscientist Edward G. 
Jones. Jones studies the mechanisms of sensory perception in the 
thalamus and cerebral cortex using cats, monkeys, and rodents.



"What they did was stand outside the house and hand out leaflets 
of various sorts," he explains. "What they said was a total 
distortion of the truth. They said things that if I were guilty 
of, I'd probably be in jail.



"I would hesitate to call them animal rights supporters," Jones 
says, "because in my opinion, they're much more concerned with 
stopping the conduct of legitimate biological research rather 
than having any profound interest in the rights of animals."



Orange County People for Animals in Santa Ana, Calif., organized 
the vigil in front of Jones's house. The pamphlets they handed 
out say they are against "these cruel, wasteful, and pointless 
experiments" in which, the pamphlets maintain, Jones and four 
colleagues blind and then kill animals.



Ava Park, the group's director, says Jones has not responded to 
their main plea, which is to hold a public debate on the validity 
of his work. "We don't consider any animal experimentation to be 
legitimate biological research--period," she says. "We think true 
research does not depend on veterinary medicine, which is what we 
think Edward Jones is practicing."



A sit-in was held May 1 at the University of Michigan in Ann 
Arbor to protest the work in the laboratory of James Woods and 
Gail Win-ger, who study medicines used to treat drug addiction. 
Woods has a colony of more than 100 rhesus monkeys raised for 
experimental purposes.



The general objection to Woods's lab, according to literature 
from Last Chance for Animals, is that not only are animal models 
in medical experimentation not applicable to humans, but also 
"the money used in these experiments to addict primates to drugs 
could treat approximately 700 human victims of substance abuse 
annually."



"I don't think anyone who takes their science seriously would 
even consider not using animal models," Woods says. "We're 
providing a public health service for the United States and the 
world. The information I gain in studying narcotics in my rhesus 
monkeys is used by the World Health Organization and the U.S. 
Food and Drug Administration. It's not trivial. It's not a waste 
of money."



A demonstration with nearly 100 participants was conducted at 
Emory University in Atlanta opposing the Yerkes Regional Primate 
Research Center on April 24. The previous day, two demonstrators 
staged a 24-hour hunger strike at the university's main entrance.



At a news conference prior to the hunger strike, Frederick A. 
King, director of Yerkes, said he does "not feel frustrated about 
being required to respond to the animal rightists... because if 
we do not tell them the facts and the truth about the benefits 
that occur from animal research, then perhaps no one will do it."



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI    :   German Scientists Take Stand Against Racism  And  Neo-
          Nazi Violence


AU   :    RON KAUFMAN


TY   :    NEWS


PG   :    3


Scientists and other employees at the Science Center for Social 
Research in Berlin are waiting to see if a nationwide petition 
drive they've initiated denouncing the recent wave of neo-Nazi 
violence in Germany will prod the country's lawmakers to crack 
down on those racist activities.



Staff members at the center, called Wissenschafts-zentrum Berlin 
fr Sozial- forschung (WZB)--a research institution studying 
economics, labor market development, and environmental protection 
policy--began composing the petition last September, following 
three days of neo-Nazi rioting in the East German town of 
Rostock.



Over the next three months, the institute sent fax and electronic 
mail transmissions to more than 500 scientific institutions, 
research universities, and political parties throughout Germany. 
More than half of WZB's 300 staffers and scientists participated 
in drafting the document. Though the petition's organizers say 
the politicians to this point are totally ignoring them, a large 
number of scientists and academicians have pledged their support.



"In the media, both in and out of Germany, these right-wing, 
fascist groups received a lot of attention," says Christoph 
Albrecht, the deputy director of the labor market and employment 
division of WZB and a petition signer. "We distributed the 
petition to our colleagues at other scientific institutions and 
universities to encourage them to do the same. We were hoping for 
a snowball effect.



"Though scientists have a strong voice, it is only one voice," he 
says. "We are a part of the whole; only when many parts of 
professional society open their mouths with the same message will 
it have influence on discussions in Bonn [the German capital]."



WZB's attempt to oppose the surge of xenophobic rage against 
Jews, asylum seekers from Eastern Europe, and ethnic and other 
minorities in Germany received widespread notoriety in November, 
when the center had the petition printed as an advertisement in 
the German national daily Sddeutsche Zeitung.



The WZB document states that neo-Nazi violence is contributing to 
the "erosion of basic democratic values.... During the Weimar 
Republic [the pre-Nazi government in power from 1919 to 1933] too 
few scientists took an active stand against rising totalitarian 
thinking and action. We may not allow this to happen again.



"We protest against the widespread disregard for the pain and 
fears of many people as Germany attempts to `grow together' into 
a single democracy," the petition proclaims.



Hans Dolezalek, an atmospheric physicist and oceanographer who 
left Germany for the United States in 1989, says it is 
appropriate that scientists speak out against extremists' 
violence and hatred.



 Dolezalek, 81, who is nearing retirement from the Office of 
Naval Research in Arlington, Va., says he believes that 
scientists are natural opponents of xenophobia. "Scientists 
should never be in danger of developing a hate against 
foreigners," he says. "Because they are scientists, they usually 
have to have very good collaborations with foreigners--especially 
in the hard sciences, such as engineering, mathematics, physics, 
and environmental science."



Dolezalek says the economic conditions created by reunification 
have probably sparked much of the social unrest among both 
skilled and unskilled Germans living in the east.



For example, he says, the chemical industry in the former German 
Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany, was obsolete when 
compared to that in the West, and was unable to comply with the 
strict West German anti-pollution laws. "So they folded. And as a 
consequence, thousands of chemists, sometimes with very high 
scientific stature, found themselves without jobs," he says. 
Until a certain amount of economic parity is reached throughout 
the country, Dolezalek suspects that extremist activities will 
continue.



"Considering the actions in Rostock last fall, the politicians 
should have been more outspoken," says Dagmar Kollande, a staffer 
at WZB and coordinator of the petition. "Chancellor Kohl should 
have gone there immediately. What the politicians tried first was 
to deal with questions of how many foreigners the country should 
take--instead of condemning those who committed acts of violence. 
There was not a strong enough reaction against it."



Kollande acknowledges that it is unlikely the WZB petition itself 
will cause the violence to abate. Yet, she says, having 
scientists speak out against the acts of hatred will ultimately 
trigger discussions among intellectual organizations and in 
university classrooms. 



In addition to collecting more than $6,600 in contributions to 
finance the petition drive, Kollande says, the institute received 
numerous phone calls from scientists all over Germany who "had 
been also outraged by the wave of violence against foreigners but 
felt pretty much helpless and therefore highly welcomed our 
initiative."



Other protests against the neo-Nazi acts have also taken place. 
Throughout November and December 1992 and January 1993, more than 
45 demonstrations against the attacks on foreigners were held in 
many of Germany's major cities. According to the German 
Information Center, the New York City-based public relations arm 
of the German government, these anti-racism protests drew an 
average of 43,000 demonstrators a day.



Since the merger of the GDR and the Federal Republic on Oct. 3, 
1990, the German security agency Verfassungsschutz (Office for 
the Protection of the Constitution) has reported an increase in 
murders, beatings, and firebombings committed by pro-fascist 
youths, often referred to as "skinheads." In 1992, the agency 
reported more than 2,200 acts of right-wing violence, 17 of which 
were murders; the previous year, 1,500 such acts were cited.



The attacks have been committed against Jews--even though only 
around 40,000 remain in Germany--the handicapped, the homeless, 
foreigners, and asylum-seekers.



Extremist political factions have been vocal in protesting 
Germany's liberal asylum laws. Article 16 of the German 
constitution guarantees asylum for politically persecuted 
individuals. Since reunification, the number of non-Germans 
seeking asylum has risen from around 190,000 in 1990 to nearly 
250,000 in 1991 and a total of more than 438,000 in 1992. During 
the first two months of this year, about 75,000 applied for 
asylum, according to the German Information Center. The primary 
countries of origin of the recent arrivals are Romania, the 
former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey.



Exchange programs between American and German students and 
faculty, though initially affected by the rioting, have not 
suffered any long-term decline in participants or applica- tions, 
says Wedigo de Vivanco, director of the German Academic Exchange 
Service in New York City.



The exchange service, with 11 offices worldwide, coordinates 
programs of international academic and scientific exchanges with 
German universities; the German-American exchange office, with a 
budget of $16 million, is the service's largest. Vivanco says 
immediately following the events in Rostock, there was a sharp 
decline in applications. However, since then the numbers have 
returned to normal, and in some programs, such as the six-month 
study grants, applications have increased.



Vivanco says public statements against racism are needed in 
Germany. "One has to react to [the violence]," he says. "It's not 
that because [the neo-Nazis] are a minority one doesn't have to 
take their actions seriously. And with Germany's history, this 
has to be treated especially sensitively.



"When I was in Germany it was on everyone's mind and people felt 
terribly embarrassed. Thank God the whole upsurge didn't last too 
long. Let's hope it will not happen again."



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:


                         NOTEBOOK


TI   :    Ear To The Grindstone


TY   :    NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   :    4


While hearing aid manufacturers keep trying to make a less 
cumbersome and noticeable appliance, University of Virginia 
graduate student Jonathan Spindel has delved into the subject a 
little deeper. He has developed a device that transmits sound via 
a tiny magnet permanently implanted on the "round window" of the 
inner ear and an electromagnetic coil placed a short distance 
from the magnet. Spindel, who expects to complete his doctoral 
work in biomedical engineering this year, notes that his device 
improves on conventional hearing aids and even other implantable 
units for those with "nerve deafness," in which the nerve cells 
that convert sound into signals to the brain are damaged or 
defective. Nerve deafness is suffered by 80 percent of the more 
than 22 million Americans with significant hearing loss. Spindel 
says that the other implantable hearing aids for nerve deafness 
require surgery that disrupts the small bones of the middle ear, 
but that his device, because it is placed directly on the round 
window, would not disturb these bones. For his efforts Spindel 
was named one of three winners of a national collegiate 
inventors' contest, sponsored by B.F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio, 
as part of its College Inventors Program. Spindel received 
$5,000.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



TI   :    A Different Way


TY   :    NEWS (NOTEBOOK)


PG   :    4



Portland State University in Oregon is offering an alternative 
route to science education for nonscience majors through its 
"Science in the Liberal Arts Curriculum" project, funded by the 
National Science Foundation. The curriculum, consisting of 24 
courses being developed this summer, will incorporate "inquiry-
based" learning, cooperative educational techniques, and computer 
technology, rather than relying on rote memory and <P8M>lecture, 
its faculty designers say. The entry-level course, "Natural 
Science Inquiry," will begin this fall. Coming later will be 
"Integrated Science Concepts" courses, which explore themes 
common across science disciplines, and "Context of Science in 
Society" courses, which examine the interface of science and 
society. The curriculum authors say they have three goals in 
mind: to help students become conversant with the cultural, 
moral, political, and economic dimensions of science; to prepare 
potential teachers for new directions in precollege science 
education; and to recruit students into the study of science.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    Art For Earth's Sake


TY   :    NEWS (NOTEBOOK)


PG   :    4


Fifteen aspiring elementary school artists were selected as 
winners of the Department of Energy's Earth Day poster contest 
last month. More than 340,000 students and 1,400 schools 
participated in the competition, based on the theme "Good Planets 
are Hard to Find." Regional contests were held to choose the 
finalists, whose work was displayed at DOE headquarters in 
Washing- ton, D.C. The finalists were divided into three grade 
categories--K-2, 3-4, and 5-6--with four winners in each 
category. Pictured here is the winning contribution from Idaho 
Falls fifth-grader Peri Spencer.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    Magnetic Personality


TY   :    NEWS (NOTEBOOK)


PG   :    4


The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Los Alamos 
National Laboratory has opened up shop for researchers needing 
short pulses of magnetic fields. The high-intensity magnetic 
fields of up to 600,000 gauss last for one-hundredth of a second, 
and the pulses are akin to harnessed bolts of lightning, 
according to Laurence Campbell, program manager of the project's 
pulsed facilities at Los Alamos. High-intensity magnetic fields 
are of interest to scientists because they make it possible to 
investigate materials and organic structures that are otherwise 
difficult to study, such as high-temperature superconductors and 
complex molecules like protein. Higher pulsed fields of up to 2 
million gauss have been achieved at Los Alamos, with a catch--the 
technique entails using conventional explosives to compress a 
field into a very small volume, and samples thus far have not 
survived the test. 



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



TI   :    Antimatter Matters


TY   :    NEWS (NOTEBOOK)


PG   :    4


In other record-breaking Los Alamos news, scientists have built 
the world's largest trap for antimatter and have used it to 
capture 50,000 antiprotons in a single shot. Sometime this summer 
they hope to trap 1 million or more antiprotons during their 
experiments, a world record. A million, according to Los Alamos 
physicists, is the minimum number needed to provide a controlled 
source of low-energy antiprotons for experiments such as 
measuring how fast antiprotons fall in Earth's gravitational 
field and for uses in medical, condensed-matter, and atomic 
physics studies. Antiprotons are identical to protons in most 
respects, except for having opposite electrical charges. When 
they meet, they destroy each other in a flare of energy. The Los 
Alamos trap consists of a copper cylinder that contains 
antiprotons, surrounded by a powerful magnetic field that 
confines the antiprotons along the cylinder's axis. Electric 
fields at each end repel the antiprotons and keep them from 
bouncing from one end of the cylinder to another, while the 
cylinder is placed in an ultra-high vacuum container to keep the 
antimatter from colliding with air molecules.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



TI    :   In Animal Rights Debate, A `Modulating  Influence'  Is 
          Misunderstood


AU   :    ROBERT A. ROTH, JR.


TY   :    OPINION

PG   :    11


As an academic toxicologist, I have participated in the 
activities of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal 
Testing (CAAT) almost since the center's inception, first as a 
reviewer of grant proposals and, since 1988, as a member of the 
advisory board.



Given the position of CAAT, expressed clearly in its mission 
statement (see accompanying item), it is not surprising that 
radical animal rights activists have not embraced the center. 
However, over the years, I have learned that many academicians 
who are biomedical researchers also have a negative view of the 
center, a view that is usually based on ignorance and/or 
misconceptions about CAAT, its mission, and its activities. When 
my academic colleagues learn that I am associated with CAAT, they 
are usually surprised, and the news is met with a chilly 
response. When I am asked by them, "Why are you involved with 
CAAT?" the implication is usually "Why do you associate with an 
organization working against the use of animals in research?



Further discussion often reveals one or more misconceptions. Some 
colleagues are not familiar with how CAAT is supported and assume 
wrongly that animal rights activists are major contributors. In 
fact, the center's core activities are currently funded by a 
National Institutes of Health grant in addition to corporate 
contributions. Many do not know that CAAT's main focus in 
developing alternatives is directed not to academic research, but 
rather to industrial toxicity testing, in which the need for 
economical assays for rapid and accurate assessment of human risk 
remains acute.



Many members of the scientific community are aware that CAAT 
offers grants of $30,000 to scientists interested in pursuing 
research that could result in non-whole-animal methods. However, 
few are familiar with efforts in areas of public education or 
validation of alternative methods and what these entail. Over the 
past decade, as the number of alternative assays has increased 
rapidly (by 1992, more than 50 assays had been identified for 
ocular irritation alone), assessing the relevance and reliability 
of these methods has assumed tremendous importance. The 
establishment of the European Center for the Validation of 
Alternative Methods (ECVAM) by the Commission of European 
Communities is one indication of the significance of validation; 
the presence of representatives of the United States 
Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug 
Administration on the CAAT Advisory Board is another.



Comparatively few academic researchers understand that CAAT 
provides forums in which those in the lay and scientific 
communities whose major goal is reduction of animal use may 
interact with those in the scientific community whose goal is 
understanding biology and disease. For example, a recent 
symposium commemorating CAAT's 10th anniversary provided for 
recognition of and interaction among individuals with very 
diverse view- points. The World Congress on Animal Use and 
Alternatives, to be held in Baltimore this November, will do the 
same.



Many scientists do not know CAAT as a modulating influence in the 
animal rights debate, in which extreme emotionalism and lack of 
rational thought are too often the major players. Few realize 
that CAAT supports the use of alternatives to whole animals in 
toxicity testing only when such alternatives have been validated 
scientifically and are consonant with protection of public 
health. Most are unaware of the center's efforts, through its own 
publications and coverage in the national media, to inform the 
public about the uses and limitations of alternatives in product 
safety testing and why animals currently are used to answer 
toxicological and scientific questions that impact on public 
health.



Few academicians conduct research with the goal of identifying 
replacements for animal use. Rather, their efforts focus on 
understanding fundamental biological processes and mechanisms of 
disease, including toxicoses, and on discovering ways to prevent 
or treat disease. As a group, academicians recognize the need for 
using animals in the processes of understanding and discovery. 
When an in vitro biological system is used by academic 
researchers, it is usually because it is deemed to be more 
appropriate experimentally than a whole-animal model to address a 
specific scientific question.



My academic colleagues conduct their research responsibly, with 
concern about animal welfare, including appropriate use and care 
of animals. Most bristle at the suggestion that responsible use 
of animals in research is wrong. Because academicians do use 
animals in responsible ways, many resent pressures that render 
such use more difficult. Unfortunately, CAAT is viewed by some as 
an organization that contributes to such pressure. But it 
certainly has not.



As an academician and a research investigator, I choose to 
associate with CAAT because its mission recognizes the present 
need for using animals in research and toxicity testing and 
because it takes a responsible approach to the development of 
alternatives that are scientifically valid. I agreed to serve on 
the advisory board because I think that CAAT helps, not hinders, 
those of us who use animals in our studies and because CAAT 
assumes a responsible position about in vitro methods in toxicity 
testing.



As a board member, I have tried to promote the exploration of 
cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, to endorse the 
incorporation of understanding of mechanisms into toxicity 
evaluation, and to encourage programs to educate the public about 
the need for responsible use of animals in research and testing 
and about the advantages as well as limitations of alternatives.



Some of the misunderstanding surrounding alternatives may be 
semantic in nature. The word "alternatives" has for some 
researchers an "all-or-none" implication, that is, complete 
replacement of animal testing with other means. In retrospect, 
perhaps the incorporation of this word into the title of the 
center may have been unfortunate, but it will likely remain. The 
center's definition of "alternatives," indeed, encompasses not 
just replacement, but also reduction of animal use and "refining 
existing tests by minimizing animal stress." I encourage my 
colleagues to read the CAAT mission statement. I suspect that 
most would find little in it about which to argue and much to 
support.



Scientists should continue to engage in biological research, 
recognizing that there is a large public constituency concerned 
that science be humane and not wasteful of animals. We as 
scientists communicate too seldom and often awkwardly with this 
constituency. As an organization that has credibility with many 
on both sides of the animals-in-research issue, CAAT is uniquely 
qualified to educate and inform the public about the rationale 
and benefits of responsible animal use and to clearly define the 
"three Rs" concept of alternatives: replacement, reduction, and 
refinement.



The support of fellow scientists is important to the success of 
this endeavor.


Robert A. Roth is a professor in the department of pharmacology 
and toxicology at Michigan State University's Institute for 
Environmental Toxicology, in East Lansing.


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:





TI   :    CAAT: THE MISSION STATEMENT


TY   :    OPINION


PG   :    11


The  mission of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing  is 
to:
*  Foster the development of scientifically acceptable  in  vitro 
and  other  alternatives for use in the  development  and  safety 
evaluation of commercial and therapeutic products.


*  Catalyze the validation of alternative methods  and  encourage 
their  use,  where appropriate, while continuing  to  ensure  the 
health of the public.


*   Disseminate   scientifically   correct   information    about 
alternatives, their uses, advantages, and limitations.



CAAT  recognizes that non-whole-animal (alternative) methods  act 
in concert with whole animal and clinical studies to:
--advance science,
--develop new products and drugs, and
--prevent, treat, and cure disease.


Alternatives are defined as new methods that refine existing 
tests by minimizing animal distress, reducing animal usage, or 
replacing whole- animal tests.


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:





TI   :    CAAT: AT A GLANCE


TY   :    OPINION

PG   :    11


The  Johns  Hopkins  Center for Alternatives  to  Animal  Testing 
(CAAT)  was  founded  in 1981 with a $1 million  grant  from  the 
Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association. The funds were  to 
be used to develop basic scientific knowledge necessary to create 
innovative non-whole-animal methods for evaluating the safety  of 
commercial and therapeutic products.



At present, CAAT--under the directorship of Johns Hopkins 
University toxicology professor Alan M. Goldberg--sponsors a 
small extramural grants program (funding 18 grants in 1993), 
supports intramural research in the In Vitro Toxicology Program 
at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, and 
conducts information and education programs. Mainstream animal 
protection organizations, such as the Humane Society of the 
United States, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals, and others have been supportive of CAAT's activities; 
radical groups have not.



Current CAAT grantees include investigators at such institutions 
as the University of California (Berkeley and San Francisco), 
Johns Hopkins, and Brown University. More than 100 articles 
resulting from CAAT-funded research have appeared in peer-
reviewed publications. The center has held nine symposia and 
published a nine-volume textbook series and five technical 
reports. The organization's newsletter is distributed to more 
than 35,000 individuals.



The CAAT advisory board is composed of 34 scientists, sponsor 
liaisons, and representatives of government and regulatory 
agencies who review applications for the CAAT grants program and 
are responsible for overall program planning.



For more information on the center, or to receive the CAAT 
newsletter, call or write:



Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 615 N. 
Wolfe St., Baltimore, Md. 21205; (410) 955-3343.  Fax: (410) 955-
0258.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:





                          COMMENTARY


TI   :    Top-Flight Research At Small Colleges Merits More 
          Recognition, More Support


AU   :    Eugene Garfield


TY   :    OPINION


PG   :    12


Last month, I had the pleasure of speaking at a Bethesda, Md., 
meeting of scientists, college administrators, funding agency 
officials, and others on a subject that has long been of 
paramount interest to me: the value of undergraduate research at 
small liberal arts colleges.



The meeting was part of a two-day program cosponsored by the 
National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, 
and the Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR). The council's 
2,000-plus membership, for the most part, is composed of science 
faculty and administrators at undergraduate schools throughout 
the United States. It had organized the event with the aim of 
stimulating dialogue among its own members and representatives of 
NIH and NSF on the subject of funding opportunities and grant 
administration policies as they pertain to the smaller colleges 
and universities.



Earlier this year in The Scientist (Feb. 22, 1993, page 10), 
CUR's immediate past president, Laura Mays Hoopes, offered 
cogent, qualitative arguments in support of her recommendation 
that undergraduates be drawn into "high-risk but low-budget 
experiments that can launch whole new fields of investigation." I 
agree that hands-on research is immensely important as a means of 
encouraging young people to enter and remain in the science 
pipeline. Moreover, in my own studies I have found that 
undergraduate institution research, judging by the frequency with 
which it is cited in subsequent papers, is quite often of very 
high impact. Thus, it is important not only as a means to an end, 
but also as an end in itself. In my talk at the meeting, I 
reviewed some of my findings with the audience, and was therefore 
able to provide a quantitative complement to Hoopes's views.



Several years ago, at the Institute for Scientific Information, 
we did a citation analysis of the Oberlin Group--50 small 
colleges that produce a significant percentage of future Ph.D.'s. 
(A report on this analysis was published in the Aug. 17, 1987, 
edition of Current Contents under the title "Research and 
dedicated mentors nourish science careers at undergraduate 
institutions.") In my talk at the recent gathering, I expanded 
the analysis to include many more schools--since CUR represents 
some 600 colleges. I demonstrated that many of these colleges 
have also been producing research of higher impact, both short- 
and long-term, than that produced in many graduate institutions. 
In other words, the liberal arts schools have proved successful 
not only in producing science graduates, but also in contributing 
substantially to the advancement of scientific knowledge.



For example, I showed that the average impact for papers produced 
at the 74 CUR institutions that were consistently productive 
between 1981 and 1992 was well above the "world average"--that 
is, the average impact for all papers indexed by ISI. In fact, 
two schools--Haverford College and Wellesley College--doubled the 
world average. Clearly, these undergraduate institutions make a 
significant contribution to research. These data support the 
notion that NSF, NIH, and other funding sources would do well to 
increase support for undergraduate research--and that such 
support isn't merely a disguised welfare program for talented 
students.



Laura Mays Hoopes believes that CUR members' "appreciation of 
research as an integral component of science education explains 
why we produce more than our share of future scientists." Of 
course, as a training ground for a substantial proportion of our 
future scientists, undergraduate colleges make a critical 
contribution to our research base. However, the contribution they 
make to published research has not been appreciated. As indicated 
by my analysis, that contribution is significant--especially 
remarkable in light of the size, facilities, and funding of these 
colleges compared with the more comprehensive research 
universities.



Were NSF and NIH to support much larger numbers of undergraduate 
projects at all undergraduate institutions, we might really be 
able to see how much, as Hoopes believes, you learn to become a 
scientist not by "studying" science--but by "doing" science.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
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NEXT:


                             LETTERS


TI   :    Redundant Publication


TY   :    OPINION (LETTERS)


PG   :    12


I enjoyed the article "Vigilant Science Journal Editors Fight 
Redundancy" (Paul McCarthy, The Scientist, March 8, 1993, page 
1).



The real incentive for literature pollution, or your more polite 
term "literature redundancy," is the evaluation and reward system 
at most universities.



Administrators and colleagues still decide tenure and promotion 
cases largely on the basis of numbers of papers in "peer-
reviewed" journals. There rarely is any consideration of the 
significance, the citation impact, or the redundancy of those 
papers. If we simply asked all retention, promotion, and tenure 
evaluators to consider redundancy as a negative factor in the 
algorithm, the problem would rapidly disappear.



There should also be an incentive for members of the community to 
call on the carpet colleagues who are guilty of publishing 
redundant papers. Perhaps newspapers like The Scientist could 
provide some PR and notoriety by, for example, selecting the 
"most redundant author of the year" in each of several fields or 
"hot topics." This would help alert editors to such curriculum 
vitae padding and immediately send a message through the academic 
community.



J.D. ANDRADE
Professor of Bioengineering
University of Utah
Salt Lake City


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
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NEXT:


TI   :    Westinghouse Contestants


TY   :    OPINION (LETTERS)


PG   :    12


Regarding the commentary "A Pat On The Back For Westinghouse 
Finalists--And For The Talent Search Sponsors, As Well" (Eugene 
Garfield, The Scientist, March 8, 1993, page 12): Why does my 
heart sink when I read the titles you listed of projects by two 
17-year-old high school students--"Undocumented Complex Social 
Relations in Captive Theropithecus gelada" and "Loop Two Amino 
Acids Important for Ability of P-glycoprotein to Confer Multidrug 
Resistance"? They have obviously been trapped in the ephemeral 
scientific culture of their elders and channeled at an early age 
into trying to make tiny contributions to vast enterprises, the 
nuances of which they are probably quite unaware.



Would any 17-year-old who had not been instructed in the 
acceptable minutiae of current scientific paper nomenclature have 
come up with such titles? Don't the titles reek of medical and 
social significance, scientific "political correctness," and the 
big money of their future careers? And, if anyone takes a moment 
to think about what lies behind them (if the students really were 
doing something experimental), what extraordinary resources must 
they have had that are not available to 99 percent of teenagers?



Yes, when I was in high school in the United Kingdom (1945-53) we 
tried out for projects--we did things like "Why the Universe Is 
Expanding"--and of course these efforts were quite childish. But 
some of us struggled through nonetheless. And I am happy that I 
did not lose my innocence at such an early age--and even happier 
that I did not lose it without realizing that fact myself.



PETER NICHOLLS
Department of Biological Sciences
Brock University
St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



TI   :    Muggers And Con Men


TY   :    OPINION (LETTERS)

PG   :    12


In his letter to The Scientist (Feb. 22, 1993, page 10), Martin 
L. Stephens, vice president of the Humane Society of the United 
States (HSUS), took exception to my lumping his organization in 
with other animal rights groups ("Animal Rights Activism: Enough 
is Enough," The Scientist, Nov. 23, 1992, page 12). However, 
Stephens's artful use of language does not alter the fact that 
HSUS is indeed part of the same animal rights movement as People 
for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). HSUS was converted 
from animal welfare to animal rights by a membership vote at the 
group's 1980 annual meeting.



Clarifying HSUS's moral values and goals is important because 
many educators are unaware of its animal rights stance and 
educational programs, which attempt to redefine human moral value 
systems. Educators need to examine HSUS's own moral value system 
and determine whether it is brainwashing our children.



Despite Stephens's protests, what separates HSUS from other 
animal rights groups is not its philosophy, but merely its 
tactics and longer timetable for abolishing the use of animals in 
research. It's like the difference between a mugger and a con 
man. They each rob you; they use different tactics, have 
different timetables--but the results are the same. Since the 
confrontational tactics practiced by the Animal Liberation Front 
and condoned by PETA have given all animal rights organizations a 
bad name, HSUS now publicly avoids the term "animal rights" and 
attempts to distance itself, saying that its members are "animal 
protectionists," a term that HSUS has yet to precisely define for 
the public.



Recently, HSUS chief executive John Hoyt revealed his 
organization's calculating approach to presenting its position to 
the public. Speaking at the 1990 HSUS annual meeting, Hoyt said, 
". . . there has evolved over the past few years a fairly radical 
difference in the tactics employed by various groups in seeking 
to achieve their goals.... Those utilized by some animal rights 
groups tend to be confrontational and demonstrative, sometimes 
resulting in the destruction of property, personal intimidation, 
and, on rare occasions, violence. This is not to say that the 
rights of animals should be either ignored or minimized as 
meaningful and vital philosophy.... But what needs to be said, 
and understood, is that those who seek to codify the rights of 
animals ... are but a small minority. Do we then imagine, even 
for one brief moment, that a government--our government-- which 
declines to sign a magna carta on behalf of children . . . will 
be moved to do our bidding to stop the use of animals for 
research or prohibit their use for food? ... I hardly think so."



John McArdle, previous HSUS vice president for lab animals, 
instructed the group in 1984 to "avoid the words `animal rights' 
and `antivivisection.' They are too strange for the public. Never 
appear to be opposed to animal research. Claim that your only 
concern is the source of the animals."



These direct quotes clearly reveal HSUS's animal rights 
philosophy and hidden abolitionist goal. In his letter, Stephens 
characterizes my evidence as mere "tidbits" and "threadbare 
arguments." On the contrary, there is so much material to support 
my point that I could not incorporate it all in my Commentary.


PATRICK H. CLEVELAND
President
Coalition for Animals
and Animal Research
San Diego



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)



WHERE TO WRITE:
Letters to the Editor
The Scientist
3501 Market Street
Philadelphia,  PA 19104
Fax:(215)387-7542
E-mail:
Bitnet: garfield@aurora.cis.upenn.edu
71764.2561@compuserve.com

  
              ================================


NEXT:


                            RESEARCH



TI    :   New Journals Reflect Growing Interest In  Euro,  Eco, 
          Nano, And Neuro


TY   :    RESEARCH


PG   :    14


Editor's Note: In an effort to identify research areas that 
appear to be capturing an increasingly large share of attention 
among scientists worldwide, the newsletter Science Watch 
undertook a detailed analysis of the titles of scientific 
journals that made their publishing debuts in 1992.



The newsletter--published by the Institute for Scientific 
Information in Philadelphia--discovered that approximately 30 
percent of the new journals were addressed to a readership 
interested in the field of clinical medicine. And, by analyzing 
the terms used in the titles of the journals, Science Watch 
discovered a markedly high presence of the word "international."



Does this mean that "international clinical medicine" is emerging 
as the matter of greatest interest for the largest number of 
scientific researchers throughout the world?. Not necessarily, 
says the news-letter's editor, David Pendlebury. However, he 
says, his publication's title analysis can be useful to readers 
in discerning "how research fields fractionate and emerge and, 
interestingly, how journal publishers are always poised to react 
to these shifts."



Following is Science Watch's report, which appeared originally in 
the newsletter's October 1992 edition, and is presented here with 
the permission of Science Watch and ISI.



The new journals of 1992 can be likened to newly formed planets 
in a vast universe. Each journal is formed from bits and pieces 
that were formerly floating freely but have now accumulated into 
a solid mass. Around each orbits a growing number of researchers 
seeking to observe, to probe, and to describe these new worlds. 
If we fly a little farther out, however, we can see that these 
new planets seem to cluster into groups, and the groups into 
regions, and regions into large structures, and so on. Such a 
wide-angle perspective can often show structures that a more 
narrow view would otherwise fail to reveal.



By analyzing the new scientific, technical, and medical (STM) 
journals in 1992, Science Watch aimed to map the scope and shape 
of current trends in research. There is little consensus on what 
constitutes a journal, and there is no single comprehensive 
source on the serial literature. So, Science Watch used its own 
judgment in defining a journal and turned to several different 
sources to compile a list of the new titles in 1992. The in-house 
files of ISI were consulted: a listing of the journals that were 
sent to ISI to be evaluated for coverage in one of its products; 
the fall 1992 edition of R.R. Bowker's Ullrich's Plus CD; and the 
Oct. 1, 1992, issue of Nature--the "new journals" issue--which 
features abundant advertisements by journal publishers for their 
new offerings. Science Watch identified a total of 364 STM 
journals that published a Vol. 1 in 1992.



One of the accompanying tables lists the fields of research 
represented by these 364 new titles. Since no title was counted 
more than once, some difficult decisions were required to assign 
a journal to one area rather than another. The most populated 
areas in research are biological and medical, so it is of little 
surprise to see that, among the 1992 group, clinical medicine and 
biology ranked first and second, respectively. But the fields 
that are ranked third, fourth, and fifth--agricultural and 
environmental sciences; technology and applied sciences; and 
computer sciences--provide something of a revelation. These three 
seem to exhibit more growth and innovation at present than the 
traditional areas of the physical sciences--in particular, 
mathematics and physics--which appear ranked seventh and eighth. 
This finding recalls the results of an earlier study (Science 
Watch, 2[9]:1-2, October 1991), which detected a slow-to-moderate 
growth in the number of articles published during the last decade 
in mathematics and general physics.



To view these data in another way, Science Watch indexed the key 
words and word-stems in the titles of the new journals and then 
ranked these terms by their frequency within the set. Some of the 
words that appeared five times or more seem to reflect 
publishers' efforts at marketing or positioning their new 
products ("international," "European," "Russian," for example). 
Others indicate trends in the substance of scientific research 
itself (such as "comput-," "eco/ecol-/environment-," "micro-
/nano-," and "-image-").



There is certainly a "green" look to the journals that were new 
in 1992. Frequent key terms in their titles include "eco-/ecol-
/environment-" and "agri-/agro-/hort-." Titles represented in 
this group include: Molecular Ecology, Environmental Testing and 
Analysis, Ecotoxicology, Restoration Ecology, the Journal of 
Aquatic Ecosystem Health, European Journal of Agronomy, and 
Horttechnology.



The area of computer sciences is reflected in the frequently 
appearing key terms "comput-," "system-," "intelligent-," and 
"programming-." Computer modeling and simulation is clearly a hot 
topic currently (for example, Computer Simulation and Modeling 
and ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation).



The very small seems a subject of growing interest as well, 
reflected in new journals with "micro-" or "nano-" in their 
titles. These include Microlithography World, Nanobiology, the 
Journal of Microelectro-mechanical Systems, and Nano- structured 
Materials.



Imaging made a clear mark in 1992, as well. New titles in this 
realm of research include Image Systems, Neuro-Image, the Journal 
of Imaging Science and Technology, IEEE Transactions on Image 
Processing, Journal of Electronic Imaging, and the Journal of 
Mathematical Imaging and Vision.



Materials research figured prominently in the new group (Smart 
Materials and Structures, Optical Materials, and the Journal of 
Materials Engineering and Performance), and some of the new 
titles exhibit more than one of the frequently occurring key 
terms identified here (Computational Materials Science and 
Nanostructured Materials, mentioned previously).



Medicine accounted for the greatest number of new titles in 1992. 
Among the frequently occurring key terms with a medical slant are 
"clinic-," "cancer/on-co-," "health," "medic-," and "surg-," 
which, taken together, represent nearly 40 journals.



Themes prominent among the medical and clinical group are health 
care quality and economics, laparoscopic surgery, cancer care and 
prevention, and women's health, the last reflected in such titles 
as the Journal of Women's Health, Breast, and Mammary Gland.



It is worth noting the frequency of the term "applied" and the 
absence of the words "basic" or "fundamental" in the accompanying 
word-stem table. Perhaps this is a reflection of a new pragmatism 
in research and of the demand, increasingly heard, for research 
that can contribute to national needs.



Recent geopolitical events certainly seem to be reflected in the 
use of the terms "European" and "Russian" (in place of "Soviet") 
in so many titles. Presumably, publishers believe that the 
European Community movement and the newly independent Russian 
state have created new and distinct markets for their journals. 
In our more global world market, "international" seems to be a 
favorite designation, as well. Whether science segments itself 
along geopolitical lines seems doubtful, but the market for 
journals with a geographic perspective or flavor may indeed prove 
viable.



Among the new journals in contention for the prize for most 
unusual or amusing title are: European Spine Journal, which begs 
the question of whether Asian or North American spines deserve 
their own journals; the arcane Transactions of the Metal 
Finishers Association of India; and the International Journal of 
Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance, and Management, which 
bank customers around the world will recognize as oxymoronic.



Science Watch's award, however, goes to Presence: Teleoperators 
and Virtual Environments. This journal is sure to be a success, 
since an overwhelming demand for this title can be simulated by 
its publisher.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:





TI    :   FIELDS RANKED BY NUMBER OF SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL,  AND 
          MEDICAL JOURNALS INTRODUCED IN 1992


TY   :    RESEARCH

PG   :    14


RANK    FIELD                   # JOURNALS      PERCENT
1       Clinical Medicine       104             28.6
2       Biology                 68              18.7
3       Agricultural and
        Environmental Sciences  63              17.3
4       Technology and
        Applied Sciences        39              10.7
5       Computer Sciences       33              9.1
6       Chemistry               16              4.4
6       Engineering             16              4.4
7       Mathematics             14              3.8
8       Physics                 11              3.0

Science Watch / Institute for Scientific Information


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:





TI    :   WORD AND WORD-STEM FREQUENCIES OF KEY TERMS IN  TITLES 
          OF   SCIENTIFIC,   TECHNICAL,  AND   MEDICAL   JOURNALS 
          INTRODUCED IN 1992


TY   :    RESEARCH

PG   :    14


RANK    WORD OR         FREQUENCY
        WORD-STEM
1       international   25
2       bio-/biol-      21
3       comput- 17
4       eco-/ecol-/
        environment-    16
5       European        15
6       system-         13
7       applied         12
        clinic-         12
8       cancer/onco-    11
9       material-       10
        micro-/nano-    10
10      agri-/agro-/hort-       9
        drug-/pharm-    9
        food-/nutrition 9
        molecular       9
11      development-    8
        health          8
        -image-         8
        information     8
        Russian         8
12      medic-          7
13      neuro-          6
14      -electro-       5
        evolution-      5
        intelligen-     5
        natural         5
        programming     5
        psycho-         5
        surg-           5
        toxi-           5

Source: Science Watch / Institute for Scientific Information





(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




                           HOT PAPERS


TI   :    MATERIALS SCIENCE


TY   :    RESEARCH (HOT PAPERS)


PG   :    16


E.A. Fitzgerald, Y.-H. Xie, M.L. Green, D. Brasen, A.R. Kortan, 
et al., "Totally relaxed GeSi layers with low threading 
dislocation densities grown on Si substrates," Applied Physics 
Letters, 59:811, 1991.



Eugene Fitzgerald (AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.): 
"Nearly all the microelectronic circuitry (very-large-scale 
integration [VLSI]) today is manufactured from silicon. For 
decades, scientists have been trying to estimate when Si would 
mature and another materials system would dominate. However, Si 
circuitry continues to improve by reducing the device size--that 
is, faster circuits are produced by making smaller Si transistors 
so that electrons travel shorter distances. Thus, it now appears 
that Si VLSI will still dominate, although certain bottlenecks 
will appear. For instance, when the Si devices shrink below 0.1 
micron in size, the metal interconnections among transistors, 
circuits, and assemblies may become the bottleneck. Because Si 
will still be an important material for much of the 
microelectronic tasks, scientists are considering not the 
replacement of Si VLSI with a new material, but instead combining 
other semiconductor materials with Si VLSI. Therefore, the issue 
of how to integrate different materials on a Si substrate is 
becoming a key issue.



"This paper describes a procedure for producing a relaxed 
germanium-silicon alloy film on Si with very few dislocations 
threading up to the top of the deposited layer. This result 
generated interest because of the possibility that field effect 
transistors (FETs) based in the GeSi/Si system could be 
integrated with Si, and light-emitting elements from groups III 
to V may be integrated as well.



"Our work has had a large impact, since it has renewed the 
possibility that ultrafast complementary field effect transistor 
circuits could be made from GeSi/Si heterostructures, and these 
circuits could be integrated with Si VLSI. However, the ability 
to combine materials with different lattice constants also has 
renewed the possibility that optoelectronic components such as 
lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could be integrated with 
Si as well. We were first to demonstrate that red-emitting LEDs 
could be fabricated on the graded, relaxed GeSi structures (E.A. 
Fitzgerald, et al., Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, B 
10:1807, 1992). The ability to integrate LEDs and lasers with Si 
may be a solution to some of the interconnect problems that Si 
VLSI will encounter.



"In addition, a much more speculative application of the relaxed 
buffers is to create alternating layers of different compositions 
of GeSi on the relaxed buffers. It has been suggested that such 
structures were created on the uniform GeSi layers, and their 
properties were difficult to analyze because of high threading 
dislocation density. Thus, researchers interested in these 
superlattice structures can now probe the properties of the 
superlattice without interference from a high density of defects 
if the structure is grown on graded GeSi/Si."




(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE


TY   :    RESEARCH (HOT PAPERS)

PG   :    16



M.P.  McCormick,  R.E.  Veiga, "SAGE  II  measurements  of  early 
Pinatubo aerosols," Geophysical Research Letters, 19:155-8, 1992.



M. Patrick McCormick (National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.): "Since 
1979, the global view of aerosols in the stratosphere and upper 
troposphere has been provided almost exclusively by the 
Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II) and the 
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE I and II) series 
of satellite instruments. The resulting data sets have shown that 
naturally occurring atmospheric aerosols (sub-micron-sized 
particles composed mainly of aqueous sulfuric acid) are not 
uniformly distributed, but rather undergo large changes resulting 
from volcanic eruptions and in response to atmospheric dynamics, 
microphysical growth, and gravitational sedimentation. A 
specialized type of `aerosol' also appears in the form of polar 
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) inside the Antarctic vortex during 
the cold polar night. These clouds provide catalytic surfaces 
upon which heterogeneous reactions free reactive chlorine atoms 
that destroy ozone and create the Antarctic `ozone hole.'



"If their global abundance is great enough, as has been the case 
since the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the 
Philippines, the aerosols can cool the Earth's surface by 
reflecting incoming solar radiation and heat the local 
stratosphere by absorbing upwelling infrared radiation. Changes 
in the atmospheric temperature structure can, in turn, affect 
atmospheric dynamical processes. In addition, heterogeneous 
chemistry similar to that which creates the ozone hole may occur 
at all latitudes.



"Our paper describes the initial perturbation to stratospheric 
aerosols caused by the eruption of Pinatubo. We show SAGE II-
derived maps of its global dispersal at various altitudes and 
estimate the mass of new aerosols produced. These data show that 
the Pinatubo perturbation was the largest of the century, perhaps 
the largest since the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa.



"Besides producing beautiful and prolonged sunrises and sunsets, 
the Pinatubo aerosols are having a significant effect on climate, 
ozone chemistry, atmospheric dynamics, remote sensor performance, 
and polar-route aircraft flying through the layer. The enormous 
amount of aerosol produced--greater than 30 million tons--is 
predicted by climate modelers to produce a global mean cooling 
near the surface of about 0.5<198> C. This amount of cooling is 
about three times larger than the standard deviation of global 
mean temperature and, therefore, provides an `acid test' for 
global climate models. Such cooling will mask for a few years the 
warming caused by the greenhouse effect.



"Similarly, this amount of aerosol increases the global aerosol 
surface area density by an order of magnitude or more over pre-
eruption stratospheric values and, therefore, greatly increases 
the probability of perturbations to `normal' homogeneous ozone 
photochemistry. Perhaps more important, it provides this enhanced 
aerosol surface area not just in the polar regions, but globally, 
with increased potential for widespread stratospheric ozone 
depletion. The aerosol level also produces artifacts or reduced 
accuracy in the data retrieved by satellite-based and ground-
based remote sensors, which must be taken into account in 
interpreting the measurements.



"Finally, since the cruise altitude for aircraft flying on polar 
routes is in the lower stratosphere, the surfaces of these 
aircraft come in contact with this new sulfuric-acid aerosol. One 
damaging effect is a phenomenon called crazing, where-by 
microscopic cracks are produced in the outer layer of the 
passenger windows made of acrylic, making it difficult or 
impossible to view out of them.



"This paper and subsequent data since publication are providing 
these important global data to researchers in each of the fields 
mentioned previously and, in addition, have contributed to an 
understanding of the gas-to-particle conversion processes, the 
particle condensation and growth processes, and various 
atmospheric dynamical processes."



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



                       TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY


TI   :    DNA Sequencing Software Teases Meaning From Genes


AU   :    RICKI LEWIS


TY   :    TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY


PG   :    17



As molecular biology becomes increasingly informational, computer 
software to manipulate and analyze nucleic acid sequences has 
evolved from a useful tool to an absolute necessity, researchers 
say. The first generation of DNA software accelerated sequencing 
by analyzing images of DNA fragments on electrophoresis gels. 
Today's programs perform dozens of functions on strings of 
nucleotides, including cutting, comparing, and detecting 
information. There is much to choose from.



A primary consideration in selecting software is one's hardware. 
IntelliGenetics Inc. of Mountain View, Calif., for example, 
offers flexibility: Its GeneWorks sequence-analysis software 
operates on a Macintosh, while its PC/GENE package runs on IBM-
compatible personal computers. The Genetics Computer Group Inc. 
(GCG) of Madison, Wis., offers the Wisconsin Package, which 
operates on a VAX/VMS system, from the Maynard, Mass.-based 
Digital Equipment Corp., and several UNIX systems, from AT&T Bell 
Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J. Software from the National Center 
for Biotechnology Information, a division of the National Library 
of Medicine in Bethesda, Md., is also UNIX-compatible.




Identifying Need
Some DNA software packages offer an impressive list of functions 
to prepare the user for nearly any research contingency, while 
others are more targeted and specific in the tasks they support.



IntelliGenetics' PC/GENE and GeneWorks; MacDNASIS from Hitachi 
Software Engineering America Ltd. in San Bruno, Calif.; GCG's 
Wisconsin Package; and others offer an array of functions, 
including basic editing; overlapping sequences to form contig 
maps, a method of approaching a gene by aligning overlapping 
sequences; generating restriction maps; comparing sequences and 
calculating the percentage of divergence; searching databases; 
transcribing DNA to RNA and displaying its secondary structure; 
converting nucleic acid sequences to amino acid sequences; and 
recognizing patterns, such as protein encoding regions and 
repeated short sequences.



Millipore Corp. of Bedford, Mass., by contrast, offers five more 
specific software packages used for genome research and mapping, 
says marketing communications manager Greg Hoff. Each package 
provides several related functions. The restriction fragment 
length polymorphism (RFLP) databasing software, for example, 
allows the user to build databases of RFLP films, and to compare 
and analyze information in the databases. (An RFLP is a DNA 
sequence that varies among individuals and is detectable because 
it alters a restriction enzyme cutting site, changing the sizes 
of fragments that result from applying the enzyme to DNA.)



Software packages targeted to a specific technique can also be 
comprehensive. OLIGO 4.0 from National Biosciences Inc. of 
Plymouth, Minn., selects oligonucleotide primers for use in the 
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a researcher's DNA or RNA 
sequence or from a database. In selecting primers, the program 
considers such parameters as secondary structure, specificity, 
and degeneracy, and calculates annealing and melting 
temperatures. The program also can edit a sequence and translate 
a single-stranded DNA sequence in all three reading frames 
(starting with the first, second, or third base).



DNASTAR of Madison, Wis., offers " la carte" modules such as 
MegAlign (for sequence alignment), MapDraw (for restriction 
analysis), and GeneMan (to access databases). Additionally, the 
firm offers the comprehensive software package Lasergene, which 
also is available in a form that supports five simultaneous 
users. Francis Barany, an associate professor of microbiology at 
Cornell University Medical College, says that with Lasergene, at 
the press of a button, he displays maps of the cancer genes with 
which he is working, altering the maps in seconds by punching in 
new DNA cutting enzymes.



Some programs are friendlier than others. Potential users often 
shy away from the software available from the National Library of 
Medicine's National Center for Biotechnology Information, says 
Warren Gish, a researcher at the facility, because of the effort 
necessary to master a UNIX workstation, which the software runs 
on. The center's programs--BLASTN to compare nucleic acid 
sequences and BLASTX to detect protein encoding gene regions--are 
"accessed over Internet, a worldwide network that is very popular 
in academia, and is growing in popularity in the commercial 
sector. Using a file transfer protocol [FTP], a user can connect 
to a server [computer] here at the National Center for 
Biotechnology Information, and copy the software onto a local 
computer," Gish says.



But a biologist who is not a computer aficionado might be better 
off purchasing software from a commercial vendor, Gish says. "It 
costs to use company software, but the users have a right to 
expect that the system be more turnkey, that they have access to 
someone to call with a problem. Companies offer more hand-
holding," Gish says, referring to the training sessions, 
hotlines, and newsletters that typically accompany purchase of 
DNA sequence-analysis software.




Lorenzo's Oil And GRAIL
Easily accessible is the GRAIL program from Oak Ridge National 
Laboratory. "It is simple and friendly, designed for non-computer 
people," says Edward C. Uberbacher, a member of the computer 
sequence-analysis group in Oak Ridge's engineering physics and 
math division, who describes himself as half biologist, half 
computer scientist. "People send in a [DNA] sequence, and the 
system sends back a message describing where in the sequence are 
the coding parts of a gene," he adds, referring to a subcomponent 
of GRAIL called CRM, which stands for "coding recognition 
module."



Earlier this year, as moviegoers learned about the fatty acid 
buildup behind adrenoleukodystrophy in the film Lorenzo's Oil, an 
international team of researchers was using the GRAIL/CRM program 
to identify the gene that causes this inherited neurological 
deterioration of late childhood.



Following clues provided by affected boys missing genetic 
material in parts of their X chromosomes, the researchers used 
the software to identify a likely protein-encoding portion of the 
candidate gene region. The program then compared the predicted 
protein's amino acid sequence to those in standard protein 
databases--and found something unexpected, yet logical (Jean 
Mosser, et al., Nature, 361:726, 1993). Rather than implicate the 
very long chain fatty acid CoA (VLCFA-CoA) synthetase gene 
thought to be the culprit, the computer search identified a 
peptide transporter protein that ferries VLCFA-CoA synthetase 
into the peroxisome, the cellular site of fatty acid breakdown.



DNA sequence-analysis software must readily adapt to the unknown 
genetic complexities that are certain to arise from the ongoing 
genome projects, including surprises in gene structure and 
function, as well as emerging mapping strategies.



Consider the recent discovery of the gene that causes 
Huntington's disease (Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research 
Group, Cell, 72:971, 1993). Part of the reason why a decade 
passed between the discovery of a marker and the final 
identification of the gene was that its protein product resembles 
no other. But the gene does have one distinguishing feature--the 
trinu-cleotide CAG repeated many more times in those who are 
affected by this dominantly inherited, adult-onset neurological 
disorder than in others. Huntington's disease joins three other 
nucleotide repeat disorders recently identified--fragile X 
syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and spinal and bulbar muscular 
atrophy.



Most, if not all, sequence-analysis software would not require 
revamping to handle this unexpected, new form of mutation. "You 
can put in a specific sequence, and search for it. [The program] 
stops everywhere it locates the sequence," says Cordell Brown, 
manager of sales and marketing at Hitachi, explaining how 
MacDNASIS would detect a nucleotide repeat. A sensitive computer 
is better at detecting short repeats than a human is.




Mapping Microsatellites
The first maps of the human genome were assembled in the 1980s 
using RFLP markers. This approach was sketchy, roughly equivalent 
to filling in the outlines of states on a blank map of the United 
States. Newer mapping strategies are more like localizing the 
cities on such a map. One faster and easier mapping route uses as 
signposts short, repeated DNA sequences (one to five bases). 
These are called short or simple sequence tandem repeat 
polymorphisms or, more succinctly, microsatellites.



Up to half a billion microsatellite sequences are scattered 
across the human genome. Mapping genes using microsatellites as 
guides entails determining the exact number of bases between 
repeats. This number can differ by as few as one or two bases in 
different individuals, resulting in very similarly sized 
electrophoresis gel bands. A computer is much better at 
discriminating these bands than is the human eye.



Millipore's Bio Image Short Tandem Repeat Polymorphism Software, 
which runs on the company's Bio Image gel/film reader system and 
SUN Microsystems workstations, increases throughput in detecting 
genes by five-fold. On a Macintosh, GENESCAN analysis software 
from Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif., eases this new 
form of mapping. GENESCAN uses fluorescent labels to mark DNA 
from different individuals (Janet S. Ziegle, et al., Genomics, 
14:1026, 1992). The program presents the data either as a 
simulated gel pattern or as an "electrophoretogram," clearly 
displaying which alleles are found in which members of a family.



In clinical studies, color-coding allows "multiplexing"--looking 
at more than one gene per family member at a time. "We have 
determined that a single project with at least 500 individuals 
would take years to analyze by radioactive methods. But with the 
GENESCAN software and the ability to multiplex, we can do the 
same project in a matter of three to four months," said Elizabeth 
Nanthakumer, director of the DNA analysis facility at the Johns 
Hopkins University School of Medicine, in an interview that 
appeared in the Applied Biosystems company newsletter, Biosystems 
Reporter (November 1991).




Looking Ahead
The DNA sequence-analysis software of the future, say many 
molecular biologists, will concentrate on identifying more and 
more motifs (common sequence regions encoding protein with a 
distinctive three-dimensional structure) to decipher the meaning 
of gene sequences. And genes in need of analysis are rapidly 
piling up.



At the European Community Symposium on Strategies in cDNA 
Programs, held in Paris Oct. 12-13, 1992, 70 researchers reported 
a total of 25,000 partial complementary DNAs (cDNAs). These are 
DNA sequences that are reverse-transcribed from messenger RNA 
(mRNA) obtained from specific tissues. The cDNAs therefore 
reflect genes that are active in a specific cell type. The 25,000 
partial cDNAs are thought to represent 10,000 human genes, or 
about 10 percent of the protein-encoding portion of the human 
genome.



But the need for DNA sequence-analysis software will be 
compelling even after the genome journey has ended. Concludes 
Cornell's Francis Barany, "Once the human genome has been 
sequenced, we're going to be in a position to do many interesting 
experiments. There will be a time when we have the information 
and can then answer fundamental questions."



Ricki Lewis is a freelance science writer based in Scotia, N.Y. 
She is the author of a biology text and has just completed a 
human genetics text.


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    A SAMPLING OF DNA SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS SOFTWARE


TY   :    TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY


PG   :    18


Applied Biosystems Inc.
(Division of Perkin-Elmer Corp.)
850 Lincoln Centre Dr.
Foster City, Calif. 94404
(800) 345-5ABI
Fax: (415) 572-2743
Products:  GENESCAN 672 for microsatellite markers on  Macintosh: 
call for price.



DNASTAR Inc.
1228 S. Park St. 
Madison, Wis. 53715
(608) 258-7420
Fax: (608) 258-7439
Products: Lasergene comprehensive package: $3,995; Lasergene 
options, including BIO-CORE 1, Map-Draw, and GeneFont (basic 
molecular analysis system) and MegAlign, Protean, GeneMan, or 
SeqMan: $945.



Genetics Computer Group Inc. (GCG)
University Research Park
575 Science Dr., Suite B
Madison, Wis. 53711
(608) 231-5200
Fax: (608) 231-5202
Product: GCG Sequence Analysis Software Package: $4,000 
(nonprofit organizations) or $12,000 (for-profit organizations)




Hitachi Software Engineering America Ltd.
1111 Bayhill Dr., Suite 395
San Bruno, Calif. 94066
(800) 624-6176
Fax: (415) 615-7699
Products: DNASIS 7.0 for PC: $1,700; Hitachi MacDNASIS 2.0 for 
Macintosh: $1,950



IntelliGenetics Inc.
700 E. El Camino Real
Mountain View, Calif. 94040
(415) 962-7300
Fax: (415) 962-7302
Products: GeneWorks sequence-analysis software (Macintosh): 
$2,000-$3,000, depending on customization; PC/GENE: $2,700-$3,800 



Millipore Corp.
80 Ashby Rd.
Bedford, Mass. 01730-9125
(617) 275-9200
Fax: (617) 275-5550
Products: Bio Image Short Tandem Repeat Polymorphism Software for 
microsatellite mapping: call for price; DNA Sequence Assembly 
Manager Software, assembles contigs: call for price.



National Biosciences Inc.
3650 Annapolis La.
Plymouth, Minn. 55447-5434
(800) 747-4362
Fax: (800) 369-5118
Products: OLIGO 4.1 Primer Analysis Software for PC or Macintosh: 
$800




National Center for Biotechnology Information
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Building 38A, Room 8N806
Bethesda, Md. 20894-0001
(301) 496-2475
Fax: (301) 480-9241
Products: BLASTX, BLASTN: free; call for information.



Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Computer Sequence Analysis Group
Engineering, Physics and Math Division
Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37831
(615) 574-6134
Products: GRAIL/CRM: free; call for information.

(See also Scientific Software directory on page 30.)






(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    Survey: Grad Student Stipends Rising, New Appointments Dropping


AU   :    EDWARD R. SILVERMAN


TY   :    PROFESSION


PG   :    19


Prospective graduate students eagerly awaiting word from schools 
about the size of their stipends for the next academic year will 
undoubtedly be pleased to learn that the median stipend paid to 
teaching and research assistants in university biological and 
physical sciences departments rose during the 1991-92 school year 
as compared with 1989-90, according to a recent study. The survey 
was conducted by the Office of Research and Graduate Studies at 
the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.



The good news, however, is tempered by another finding of the 
study--that the number of first-year teaching and research 
appointments declined in physical and biological sciences 
departments, as did these departments' share of the overall 
number of assistantships.



A total of 80 United States universities provided assistantship 
stipend data for first-year grad students in 2,892 science and 
nonscience departments. The study was conducted in cooperation 
with, and was partially supported by, the Council of Graduate 
Schools.



The data were compared with figures from a previous study 
conducted by the University of Nebraska for the 1989-90 academic 
year. Fifty of the institutions participating in the 1991-92 
study also took part in the earlier survey.



Among the findings was that the median stipend for graduate 
teaching assistants rose 10.3 percent, to $8,712, during the 
1991-92 school year. In the physical sciences, the median stipend 
increased 10.7 percent, to $8,753, making this the highest-paid 
category.



However, the survey found that there were fewer first-year 
appointments in 1991-92 than in 1989-90. Biological sciences 
departments named only 1,359 teaching assistants, compared with 
1,449 in 1989-90, a 6.2 percent drop. In physical sciences 
departments, first-year teaching assistant appointments fell 25.5 
percent, to 2,978. 



"It would be a reasonable hypothesis to state that the poor 
economic conditions led to a decrease in teaching assistants 
being hired," says Merlin Lawson, dean of graduate studies at the 
University of Nebraska, Lincoln.



"Often, the teaching assistant budget is the first to go," he 
says. "But departments still need to be competitive on a national 
basis and protect their stipend levels." So although the stipend 
allocation may be a discretionary item in a de-partment's budget, 
"if you get any increase in money at all, you put it back into 
stipends."



Looking toward the future, others caution that the uncertain 
economy will continue to dampen the outlook for increased funding 
and new positions. "Graduate enrollment nationwide is rising 
about 2 percent a year," says Harvey Knull, dean of the graduate 
school at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. "And over 
the last two to three years, the number of graduate applications 
is increasing across the country.



"But many institutions of higher education, especially state 
institutions, are having some difficulties because they're not 
being supported by their legislators.



"Over time, if this continues, I do expect there to be an erosion 
of teaching assistant dollars. We're in a state of flux at the 
moment," he adds. "The physical and life science departments are 
jealously guarding their positions."



On a weighted average basis, which takes into account differing 
numbers of stipends at various levels of pay, the median stipend 
paid by biological sciences departments to teaching assistants 
rose $932, or 12.17 percent, to $8,592, in the 1991-92 school 
year from two years earlier. Physical sciences departments paid 
an extra 9.67 percent, to $8,706.



Among biological sciences departments, 55.37 percent of those 
responding said that stipend levels are determined by the 
student's academic rank--such as whether he or she has a 
bachelor's or master's degree--during the appointment. Such 
rankings mattered in only 38.1 percent of the physical sciences 
departments.



The survey also found that first-year teaching assistants in 
agriculture departments put in the highest mean number of hours 
per week, at 19. Both biological and physical sciences first-year 
teaching assistants logged 18 hours per week. 



The median value of net stipends--which factor out paid tuition 
for a graduate teaching assistant--was up 10.75 percent, or $801, 
to $8,251 in biological sciences departments. Net median stipends 
were up 11.5 percent, or $840, to $8,137 in physical sciences 
departments.



Among research assistants, the median stipend was $9,279, up 10 
percent, in biological sciences departments, while the stipends 
rose 12.5 percent, to $9,000, in physical sciences departments.



Again, though, the number of first-year appointments in 
biological sciences departments was down 33.3 percent, to 797, 
while in physical sciences departments, first-year appointments 
declined 40.3 percent, to 694.



As with teaching assistantships, research positions were limited 
by economic variables, which also constrained the availability of 
funding from outside organizations, such as grants from 
foundations, a source of stipend financing at some schools.



"Most graduate students are supported by assistantships," notes 
Gordhan Patel, dean of the graduate school at the University of 
Georgia, Athens, and a zoology and biochemistry professor. "The 
kind we have are where students get money from outside funding."



Patel, however, is more optimistic than some other academics 
about future prospects for grad students. "Fortunately, my 
administration has been supportive," he says. "We have a good 
chance of being stable, with some increase in the level of 
stipends--maybe 2 percent in the 1993-94 year."



 The median value of net stipends, subtracting such items as 
tuition, was $8,649 in biological sciences, a 14.57 percent 
increase. In physical sciences, the median net stipend was up 
16.05 percent, to $8,400.



The survey also found that research assistants in biological 
sciences departments logged 19 hours per week, while their 
counterparts in physical sciences departments put in 18 hours per 
week.




Edward R. Silverman is a freelance writer based in Millburn, N.J.


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    GRADUATE TEACHING ASSISTANTSHIPS:
          STIPEND LEVELS BY AREA OF INTEREST, 1991-92


TY   :    PROFESSION


PG   :    19


Area of Interest        Minimum Median  Maximum
                        Value   Value   Value
Agriculture             $1,643  $8,712  $16,500
Arts & Humanities         1,000   6,606   14,406
Biological Sciences       2,200   8,712   14,406
Business & Management     1,600   6,500   14,406
Education                   639   6,552   14,406
Engineering                 849   8,100   16,050
Health Sciences           1,000   6,552   23,130
Physical Sciences           894   8,753   15,000
Social Sciences           1,000   7,000   14,406

Source:  Office of Research and Graduate Studies,  University  of 
Nebraska, Lincoln



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI    :   GRADUATE RESEARCH ASSISTANTSHIPS: STIPEND LEVELS  BY 
          AREA OF INTEREST, 1991-92


TY   :    PROFESSION


PG   :    19


Area of Interest        Minimum Median  Maximum
                        Value   Value   Value

Agriculture             $1,200  $8,712  $16,854
Arts & Humanities          300    6,000   16,854
Biological Sciences      1,200    9,279   22,000
Business & Management      792    5,500   16,854
Education                  639    6,660   20,000
Engineering              1,200    8,400   20,103
Health Sciences          1,000    7,568   23,026
Physical Sciences        1,500    9,000   16,854
Social Sciences          1,350    6,750   16,854

Source:  Office of Research and Graduate Studies,  University  of 
Nebraska, Lincoln




(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



                                PEOPLE



TI    :   President-Elect Of Astronomical  Society  Pledges  To 
          Focus On Science Education

AU   :    Ron Kaufman


TY   :    PROFESSION (PEOPLE)


PG   :    21


Concerning the role of astronomy in early science education, 
Frank H. Shu, a professor of astronomy at the University of 
California, Berkeley, and president-elect of the American 
Astronomical Society (AAS), says his field does not get enough 
respect. Shu, who will take over the 6,000-member AAS in June 
1994, says astronomy can be a useful tool in capturing the 
interest of students in science at the elementary and secondary 
levels.



"Many teachers have the wrong perception that astronomy is a 
fairly esoteric subject because it doesn't lead to the 
development of a better toaster," says Shu, who officially 
becomes president-elect on June 9. "I would argue that . . . this 
field has something valuable to offer the nation."



Shu says that, unlike many other scientific disciplines, 
astronomy's facts and concepts can be explained in easily 
understood ways. "I cannot name a better subject than astronomy 
to inspire young people to become interested in science," he 
says.



As president of AAS, Shu says, he hopes to inspire teachers to 
use astronomy in the classrooms. "I don't think professional 
astronomers would best use their time to teach at the elementary 
levels," he states, "but we can have a strong influence in the 
way teachers of science and engineering are trained. And to start 
that, we have to change our own attitudes."



He says part of this change will involve astronomers demanding a 
higher quality in their own teaching, so that those who will end 
up as elementary science teachers will be better suited to convey 
their discipline.



Shu says astronomers need to be encouraged to focus on teaching 
through "a better balance of awards and motivations between 
excellent teaching and research."



He hopes that, along with promoting science education, AAS will 
begin to have more of an influence on setting national research 
priorities in the field.



"In the past, the American Astronomical Society has primarily 
regarded its function as running the meetings, publishing the 
journals, and establishing committees that look into various 
specialized problems," he says. "It has not attempted to define 
priorities."



Currently, decisions about which research projects get funded are 
made by panels at the National Academy of Sciences or a similar 
agency in government. Though he says he has made no specific 
plans, Shu hopes to enable astronomers to air their views on 
research priorities through the voice of AAS.



Shu, 49, was born in Kunming, China. He received his B.S. in 
physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 
and his Ph.D. in astronomy from Harvard University in 1968. He 
has been a member of the faculty of UC-Berkeley since 1973.



His interest in science education is evidenced by the authorship 
of an undergraduate textbook, The Physical Universe: An 
Introduction to Astronomy (University Science Books, Mill Valley, 
Calif., 1982) and a two-volume graduate textbook, The Physics of 
Astrophysics (University Science Books, 1992). He also recently 
finished writing the "Cosmos" section of the 1994 Encyclopaedia 
Britannica.



In addition to his work in the United States astronomical 
community, Shu is spearheading the formation of a national 
Institute of Astron- omy and Astrophysics in Taiwan.



Three years ago, the Academia Sinica of Taiwan invited Shu to 
give advice in starting an institute to both fund and house 
researchers in the field. Shu says he travels to Taiwan three or 
four times a year and is anticipating the launch of the institute 
next year.



"This effort," he says, "has attracted support from overseas 
Chinese astronomers, who all feel this desire to help and push in 
this direction so Taiwan and China can enter the community of 
modern nations in a subject that has tremendous cultural and 
historical importance."

--Ron Kaufman




(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:



TI    :   Scientist-Turned-Congressman  Pushes  For   Increased 
          Support Of Basic Research

AU   :    Ron Kaufman


TY   :    PROFESSION (PEOPLE)

PG   :    21


Scientists engaged in basic research have a strong ally in 
Congress: Rep. Roscoe G. Bartlett (R-Md.). As one of the 124 
freshmen in the 103rd Congress, Bartlett, a former researcher in 
respiratory physiology, says he hopes to be able to increase the 
funding for undirected basic research.



"If Clinton and Gore really respected science and technology, 
they'd stop trying to direct basic research," he says. "I keep 
trying to make the point that if it's directed, it's not basic. 
They want to direct basic research to areas where we're going to 
have a societal payoff. I understand a layman doing that, but 
it's not going to work from a scientific viewpoint."



As a scientist, "you look for knowledge and go wherever truth 
leads you," Bartlett says. "You never can tell where the next 
great idea will come from. And I think that's very true in basic 
research and early R&D.



"We need less government manipulation and control, less 
bureaucracy, and more money going directly towards basic 
research."



Throughout his career, Bartlett, 66, has been involved in 
respiratory, metabolic, and stress physiology studies.



He received his B.S. in biology with a minor in chemistry from 
Columbia Union College in Takoma Park, Md., in 1947 and his Ph.D. 
in physiology with a minor in biochemistry from the University of 
Maryland in 1952.



>From 1962 to 1967, he headed the space life sciences group at the 
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, where he 
helped develop an automated anesthesia machine and a breathing 
metabolic stimulator. From 1967 to 1974 he worked at IBM Corp.'s 
scientific division in Bethesda, Md. From 1974 until his 
retirement in 1986, Bartlett taught at Frederick Community 
College in Frederick, Md.



Bartlett is a member of the Armed Services and Science, Space, 
and Technology committees, yet has not sponsored any legislation 
specifically concerning science and technology. He says the half-
dozen bills he has personally submitted have all related to 
reforming Congress or the economy, two issues he feels are most 
important to the average voter.



He was one of only four House freshmen to sign a pledge to cut 
the federal budget deficit in half by 1996 or not seek 
reelection.



"I signed the pledge. If they can find any vote I made which was 
not focused on reducing the deficit and balancing the budget, I 
will not run again," Bartlett says. "It's got to be possible to 
cut it. If it's not possible, we're doomed."



In the November election, Bartlett, who represents Maryland's 6th 
District, on the western border of the state, won 54 percent of 
the vote, beating the 46 percent garnered by Democrat Thomas H. 
Hattery.


--Ron Kaufman


(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================


NEXT:




TI   :    OBITUARY

TY   :    PROFESSION (PEOPLE)


PG   :    21


Michael E. Stanley, a Columbia University neuroscientist who 
studied the biochemistry of suicide and other self-injurious 
behavior, died of a heart attack April 26 in Short Hills, N.J. He 
was 49 years old.  Stanley, who came to Columbia in 1989, held 
two positions there: one as clinical professor of 
psychopharmacology in the departments of psychiatry and 
pharmacology in the university's College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, and the other as director of the department of 
neuroscience at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, part of 
the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.


Stanley received his B.S. in psychology from Montclair State 
College in New Jersey in 1972 and his Ph.D. in pharmacology from 
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, in 
1979. Before arriving at Columbia, Stanley was a professor at 
Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit.



(The Scientist, Vol:7, #11, May 31, 1993)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================





