
 part 4 of 4


           OLD NAZIS, THE NEW RIGHT, AND THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION


                                 END NOTES

 1 U.S., Displaced Persons Commission, <Memo to America, The DP Story, The 
Final Report of the Displaced Persons Commission> (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 
1952), p. v.

 2 <Ibid>., p. 101.

 3 <Ibid>.

 4 For information on the Waffen SS, see George Stein, <The Waffen SS: 
Hitler's Elite Guard at War: 1939-1945> (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University 
Press, 1966); Alexander Dallin, <German Rule in Russia, 1941-45: A Study of 
Occupation Policies> (New York: St. Martins Press, 1957).

 5 Jack Anderson, "Nixon Appears a Little Soft on Nazis," <Washington Post>, 
Nov. 10, 1971, p. B17; Nora Levin, <The Holocaust: the Destruction of European
Jewry 1933-1945> (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1968; Schocken Books, 1973), pp. 
610-11, 644, 653-55, 662-64.

 6 Interview with Laszlo Pasztor, Washington, D.C., May 15, 1985. Interviews 
will be indentified with date and location the first time they are cited only.

 7 The requests were made in person Sept. 1984, May 1985, and June 1986.

 8 See, for instance, the ad sponsored by the American Security Council in the
<Washington Times>, Sept. 28, 1983, p. A5.

 9 Anderson, "Nixon Appears a Little Soft on Nazis," p. B17.

 10 Interview with Spas T. Raikin, by telephone, August 1986.

 11 Interview with Ivan Docheff, by telephone, Sept. 1984. See pp. 33-35 of 
this report for discussion of the Nazi-linked National Confederation of 
American Ethnic Groups. Leaders of NCAEG have included Austin App and Josef 
Mikus. 

 12 Interview with Professor Frederic Chary, Detroit, Michigan, August 1984. 
Chary is author of <Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution> (Pittsburgh: 
University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972).

 13 Chary also supplied the <Prelom> masthead with headline (<Prelom>, March 
31, 1933).

 14 Ivan Docheff, <Half Century Struggle Against Communism for the Freedom of 
Bulgaria> (New York: Bulgarian National Front, 1982), p. 83; also see 
Docheff's biographical statement in his book, <A New Danger for World's 
Peace--Red Bulgaria> (Salzburg, Austria: n.p., 1950). Also, Raikin letter to 
the author, August 17, 1986.

 15 Docheff, <Half Century Struggle Against Communism>, p. 185.

 16 Ivan Docheff, "Why President Reagan?" <Borba>, Sept. 1984, p. 1. <Borba>
is published by the Central Executive Board of the Bulgarian National Front, 
Inc.

 17 Interview with Ivan Docheff.

 18 Interview with Ivan Docheff; interview with Frederic Chary; confirmed by 
the author in a telephone conversation in Sept. 1984 with aide to White House 
Director of Ethnic Liaison, Linas Kojelis.

 19 Interview with Nicolas Nazarenko, Washington, D.C., May 17-18, 1985; 
interview with Alex Aksenov, Washington, D.C., May 17-18, 1985. See also 
Christopher Simpson, <Blowback: U.S. Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on 
the Cold War >(New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988), pp. 24-25.

 20 Interview with Florian Galdau, by telephone, Sept. 1984.

 21 Chris Simpson, "Not Just Another Nazi," <Penthouse>, August 1983, p.156.

 22 Howard Blum, <Wanted: The Search for Nazis in America> (New York: 
Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977), pp. 109-11, 114-16. Trifa offered 
an opening prayer for the U.S. Senate on May 10, 1955, at the request of 
Richard Nixon, who presided over the Senate as part of his vice-presidential 
duties.

 23 "Viorel Donise Trifa," FBI Memo (April 6, 1954), p. 1; on Galdau, "Viorel 
Donise Trifa," FBI Memo (Oct. 5, 1955), p. 2. Copies of these memos are in the
possession of the author.

 24 A privately circulated, typewritten document by George Roman names 60 Iron
Guardists and briefly describes their functions in the U.S.

 25 New York City <News World>, July 31-August 1, 1982, p. B1. <News World> is
affiliated with the Reverend Moon's Unification Church. Moon's followers have 
made great efforts to link into emigre fascist groups. See, for example, "Will
the Soviet Union Survive?: ABN International Conference" program, May 13-15, 
1988, Washington, D.C.: several speakers, including the keynote speaker, were 
representatives of Moon-connected organizations.

 26 Both groups were accredited to the Displaced Persons Commission. See <Memo
to America>, pp. 270, 277, 285 and 289. On Tolstoy Foundation, see Blum, pp. 
68-70; Doug Hostetter and Michael McIntyre, "The Politics of Charity," 
<Christian Century>, Sept. 18, 1974, pp. 845-50. On the International Rescue 
Committee, see R. Harris Smith, <OSS: The Secret History of America's First 
Central Intelligence Agency> (Berkeley, California: University of California 
Press, 1972), p. 404n; Simpson, <Blowback>, p. 200n. Also, U.S., Senate, 
Committee on Foreign Relations, <The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: 
Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships; Part 1: 1945-1961>, 98th 
Cong., 2nd sess., 1984, pp. 301-303.

 27 Interview with Valerian Trifa, conducted by Dennis Debbaudt, Oct. 20, 
1981, by telephone. Transcript made available to author.

 28 <United Israel Bulletin>, Summer 1974, p. 1.

 29 Interview with Dennis Debbaudt, Detroit, Michigan, Sept. 1984.

 30 Interview with Walter Melianovich, Washington, D.C., May 17, 1985.

 31 John Loftus, <The Belarus Secret> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), p. 
181; interview with Mark Masurowsky, Washington, D.C., May 1985.

 32 Loftus, p. 29.

 33 U.S., <Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression>, Nuremberg Document #PS 3047 
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), Vol. 5, pp. 772-76.

 34 Interview with Mark Masurowsky.

 35 Interview with Cheslav Nadjiuk, Los Angeles, June 28, 1986. Also, a list 
of those who attended the 14th plenum of the Byelorussian Central Council (the
Nazi puppet government in exile) in South River, New Jersey on Sept. 4 and 5, 
1954, includes Nadjiuk (spelled Naydzyuk) and says that he attended the 1944 
Congress.

 36 Gerhard L. Wineberg, <The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany> (Chicago: 
University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 116-18.

 37 Joseph Lettrich, <History of Modern Slovakia> (New York: Praeger, 1955), 
pp. 143-73. The declaration of war is mentioned on p. 169.

 38 Lucy Dawidowicz, <The War Against the Jews> (New York: Bantam, 1976), p. 
544.

 39 David Duke for President Committee, Quarterly Report of Receipts and 
Disbursements, Federal Election Commission, Form 3P, Schedule BP, July 1-Sept.
30, 1987, p.9.

 40 Joseph M. Kirschbaum, ed., <Slovakia in the 19th and 20th Centuries> 
(Toronto: Slovak World Congress, 1973), pp. 9-10; Lettrich, pp. 116-17, 175.

 41 Kirschbaum, p. 151.

 42 <New York Times>, May 25--June 10, 1981; Thomas Sheehan, "Italy: Terror on
the Right," <New York Review of Books>, Jan. 22, 1981, pp. 23-26. Also, Luigi 
Di Fonzo, <St. Peter's Banker> (New York and London: Franklin Watts, 1983); 
Larry Gurwin, <The Calvi Affair> (London: Macmillan, 1983).

 43 <Boston Sunday Globe>, Oct. 18, 1987, p. A18.

 44 <Who's Who in American Politics: 1987-88>, 11th ed. (New York and London: 
R. R. Bowker Co., 1987).

 45 DiFonzo, p. 229.

 46 <New York Times>, June 4, 1981, p. 7.

 47 DiFonzo, p. 230.

 48 <Ibid>., p. 259.

 49 Gurwin, p. 189.

 50 <Who's Who in America: 1984-1985>, 43rd ed. (Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 
1984); Gurwin, pp. 12, 189-90.

 51 Di Fonzo, pp. 72-73.

 52 Stella's curriculum vitae, 1986, p. 2.

 53 The announcement was made Oct. 20, 1981 according to an undated White
House letter received by the author in Feb. 1984.

 54 <New York Post>, Feb. 21, 1986, p. 8.

 55 Stella's curriculum vitae, 1986, p. 5.

 56 Robert Katz, <The Fall of the House of Savoy> (New York: Macmillan, 1971),
pp. 366-67; Charles Fenyvesi, <Splendor in Exile> (Washington, D.C.: New 
Republic Books, 1979), pp. 92-93; E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Italy's Royal Heir, In 
Exile, Pleads to Return," <New York Times>, March 2, 1986, p. 6.

 57 Fenyvesi, pp. 100-101; Taki Theodoracopulos, "Princes and Playboys," 
<Esquire>, Feb. 27, 1979, pp. 87-88.

 58 Fenyvesi, p. 96.

 59 The delegation's membership, their backgrounds and planned itinerary were 
described in a booklet distributed at the Republican Heritage Groups Council 
meeting, "President Reagen's [sic] Reinauguration Celebration Delegation," 
(Room 8, 11F, 150, Chi Lin Road, Taipei, Taiwan: Chinese Times, 1985).

 60 A proposal to create such affiliates was roundly denounced by delegates at
the June 1986 convention.

 61 Kevin Phillips' syndicated newspaper article, "Economics, Not Heritage, 
the Key," was reprinted in <Cossack Life> in 1975. Mr. Phillips declined to 
look for a more accessible citation, but a copy of the reprinted article is in
the author's possession.

 62 "17th Annual Convention Program," National Republican Heritage Groups 
(Nationalities) Council, Washington, D.C., Oct. 30-Nov. 1, 1987.

 63 Quotations in this section from the 1985 Republican Heritage Groups 
Council convention are from the author's own notes of the event.

 64 Interview with Michael Sotirhos, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1984.

 65 National Republican Heritage Groups Council brochure, Washington, D.C., 
n.d.

 66 Author's notes from the 1985 Republican Heritage Groups Council 
Convention.

 67 Peter Braestrup, "GOP's `Open Door': Who's Coming In?" <Washington Post>, 
Nov. 21, 1971, p. A1.

 68 Jack Anderson, "Doleful Dole," <Washington Post>, May 18, 1978, p. A25; 
Jack Anderson and Les Whitten, ">Nazi Eulogy," <Washington Post>, May 4, 1976,
p. B15.

 69 "Join the Crusade for Freedom" brochure, National Committee for a Free 
Europe, New York City, n.d.. The Crusade for Freedom was a project of the 
Committee for a Free Europe, which was the ostensible sponsor of Radio Free 
Europe.

 70 Interview with Andy Valuchek, Washington, D.C., May 20, 1985.

 71 <Washington Post>, Jan. 8, 1979, p. C1.

 72 Telephone interview with Wes McCune, July 14, 1988. See also "ASC's John
Fisher Moves Further into Right-wing Politics," <Group Research Report>, April
3, 1970, p. 25, which states that "Fisher is in effect the organized leader of
the military-industrial complex as it impinges on civilian life." <Group 
Research Report>, Feb. 26, 1975, p. 6 and Nov. 1983, p. 37 make similar 
assertions.

 73 William Turner, <Power on the Right> (Berkeley, California: Ramparts 
Press, 1971), p. 199. Turner's book has a chapter on the ASC. Also, <New York 
Times>, July 10, 1958, p. 56.

 74 Turner, pp. 199-200.

 75 America First Committee literature, 1940-41. See, for example, "Monster 
Rally and Demonstration" flyer (Brooklyn, New York: Brooklyn Chapter, America 
First Committee, June 1940), which reads, "Keep United States Out of War...No 
Convoys, No War, No Death for American Boys."

 76 J. Edgar Hoover to Major General Edwin M. Watson, Secretary to the 
President, FBI Memo (Feb. 13, 1942), p. 6.

 77 <Ibid>., 2-page cover letter; Michael Sayers and Albert E. Kahn, 
<Sabotage: The Secret War Against America> (New York: Harper and Brothers, 
1942), pp. 241-42.

 78 J. Edgar Hoover to Major General Watson, cover letter.

 79 J. Edgar Hoover to Major General Watson, p. 4; "Monster Rally and 
Demonstration" flyer, America First Committee letterhead, June 1940.

 80 Frances Locher, ed., <Contemporary Authors> (Detroit, Michigan: Gale 
Research, 1981), Vol. 101, p. 394. This interview was conducted April 30, 
1980.

 81 Turner, pp. 200-201.

 82 Donald S. Strong, <Organized Anti-Semitism in America> (Washington, D.C.: 
American Council on Public Affairs, 1940), pp. 83-108.

 83 Strong, pp. 83-93; Robert Wohlforth, "Spy-Hunters: 1930," <The New 
Republic>, Jan. 29, 1930, pp. 271-73 (note also reply in Harry Jung, 
"Correspondence," <The New Republic>, March 12, 1930, pp. 101-102); Norman 
Hapgood, <Professional Patriots> (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927), pp. 
139, 162-65.

 84 John Roy Carlson, <Under Cover> (Philadelphia: Blakiston Company and New 
York: E. P. Dutton, 1943), p. 392. Jung had White Russian emigres translate 
the "Protocols" from Czarist forgeries in Russian to English forgeries. See 
also Strong, pp. 105-6.

 85 <New York Times>, July 24, 1942, p. 8; Strong, p. 95.

 86 <The Coalitionist>, published by the ACPS, from 1929-32. See, for example,
<The Coalitionist>, Nov. 1929, p. 1.

 87 John Higham, <Strangers in the Land> (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers 
University Press, 1955; New York: Atheneum, 1981), pp. 314, 319-21.

 88 <Ibid>., p. 319.

 89 Barry Mehler, "The New Eugenics: Academic Racism in the U.S. Today,"
<Israel Horizons>, Jan.-Feb. 1984, p. 25.

 90 <In Fact>, August 11, 1947, p. 2; <In Fact>, Feb. 24, 1947, p. 4. <In 
Fact>, begun as a biweekly in 1940, soon became a weekly that was published 
until 1950. It was edited by George Seldes.

 91 <In Fact>, Feb. 14, 1949, pp. 1, 2. For details on <National Republic>, 
see <In Fact>, Feb. 24, 1947, p. 3.

 92 <New York Times>, July 24, 1942, p. 8.

 93 Felix Morley, "Travesty of Justice," <Human Events>, Nov. 21, 1945, pp. 
192-95.

 94 Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein, <Cross-Currents> (Garden City, New
York: Doubleday & Co., 1956), pp. 156-60.

 95 <Ibid>., p. 158; Thomas Reeves, <The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A 
Biography> (New York: Stein and Day, 1982), p. 662.

 96 Margaret Fisk, ed., <Encyclopedia of Associations>, 8th ed. (Detroit: Gale
Research, 1973), Vol. 1, p. 1057. For background on the political character of
ACPS, see <Group Research Report> throughout the 1960's and <Report to 
America> (an ACPS organ) 1960-1962.

 97 "American Coalition of Patriotic Societies," <Group Research Organizations
Directory>, Washington, D.C., Feb. 12, 1963, p. 2.

 98 <Encyclopedia of Associations>, 22nd ed. (Detroit: Gale Research, 1987), 
Vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 1669.

 99 <Who's Who in America: 1984-1985>.

 100 Proceedings of the Military-Industrial Conferences, 1955-61.

 101 <New York Times>, Feb. 19, 1967, pp. 1, 32; "The Foreign Policy Research 
Institute," <Ramparts>, March 1966, pp. 39-40 for discussion of CIA ties to 
think tanks and foundations; Gene M. Lyons and Louis Morton, "School for 
Strategy," <Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists>, March 1961, pp. 103-6.

 102 Robert Strausz-Hupe, William Kintner, and Stefan Possony, <A Forward 
Strategy for America> (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961), p. 15.

 103 Clarence Lasby, <Project Paperclip> (New York: Atheneum, 1971), p. 128.

 104 Wernher von Braun is listed as a participant in the 1958 Military 
Industrial Conference in the published proceedings of the conference: George 
B. de Huszar, ed., <National Strategy in the Age of Revolutions> (New York: 
Praeger, 1959), p. iii; Medaris presented a lecture at the 1957 Conference, 
according to <Military-Industrial Conference: Papers and Discussions>, 
Chicago, 1957, p. v.

 105 <Who's Who in Germany> (Munich: Intercontinental Book and Publishing Co.,
1956).

 106 James Pool and Suzanne Pool, <Who Financed Hitler> (New York: Dial Press,
1978; Dial Press, 1979), pp. 207, 211.

 107 <Who's Who in Germany>; <The New York Times>, June 13, 1944, p. 4.

 108 <The New York Times>, July 14, 1923, p. 2.

 109 T. H. Tetens, <The New Germany and the Old Nazis> (New York: Random 
House, 1961), p. 255.

 110 <Ibid>., pp. 56-70, 254-55.

 111 New Benjamin Franklin House, a Lyndon LaRouche outfit, has translated and
printed an English-language version of August von der Heydte's 1972 book, 
<Modern Irregular Warfare> (New York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1986); 
according to LaRouche's <New Solidarity>, Feb. 21, 1986, p. 8, von der Heydte 
signed a political advertisement (placed in newspapers throughout West 
Germany), which identified him as a member of Patriots for Germany, a LaRouche
front.

 112 de Huszar, pp. 269-82. "Special Report on the American Security Council,"
<Group Research Directory>, May 25, 1962, pp. 4-11; Lyons and Morton, "School 
for Strategy," pp. 104-105; Harold Relyea, "The American Security Council," 
<The Nation>, Jan. 24, 1972, p. 114.

 113 See Lyons and Morton, "School for Strategy," pp. 103-6 on the extremism 
of the Institute for American Strategy, its ties to the Pentagon and its 
origins in the military-industrial conferences; Senator William Fulbright's 
"Memorandum Submitted to the Department of Defense on Propaganda Activities of
Military Personnel," <Congressional Record>, August 2, 1961, pp. 14433-39; 
<New York Times>, June 18, 1961, p. 1 on the NSC directive; Frank R. Barnett, 
"A Proposal for Political Warfare," <Military Review>, March 1961, p. 3; and 
"Special Report on the American Security Council," pp. 9-11 for discussion of 
Senator Fulbright's memorandum on the military's sponsorship of seminars on 
communism. The <New York Times> and Lyons and Morton articles are reprinted in
the <Congressional Record> as attachments to the Fulbright Memorandum.

 114 Fulbright, from 1961 memorandum cited above as reported in <Ramparts>, 
March 1966, (See footnotes 101 and 113).

 115 Barnett, "A Proposal for Political Warfare," p. 3.

 116 "Special Report on the American Security Council," p. 9.

 117 David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, <The Invisible Government> (New York: 
Random House, 1964; Bantam, 1965), pp. 167-69; Alfred W. McCoy, <The Politics 
of Heroin in Southeast Asia> (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 120-25, 
264-65; Institute for American Strategy letterhead, n.d.

 118 <Guidelines for Cold War Victory> (Chicago: ASC Press, 1964), pp. 9-10. 
In <Group Research Individuals Directory>, 1962, see, for example, the 
backgrounds of Lt. Gen. Edward Almond (Ret.); Spruille Braden; Charles Edison;
Adm. Ben Moreel (Ret.); Rear Adm. Chester Ward (Ret.); Gen. Robert Wood 
(Ret.); and Gen. C.A. Willoughby (Ret.).

 119 Frank P. Mintz, <The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, 
Conspiracy, and Culture> (Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 
1985), pp. 4,5; <Right>, Sept. 1960, p. 5.

 120 Turner, p. 211.

 121 <Coalition Insider>, Nov.-Dec. 1980, p. 2. <Coalition Insider> is an 
organ of the Coalition for Peace Through Strength. For subsequent quotes, all 
from this edition of <Coalition Insider>: on showings of "The Salt Syndrome," 
p. 3; on "super-dove" McGovern, p. 2; on the South Dakota race, p. 3; on ASC
PAC Abdnor contribution, p. 4; on Singlaub and Grassley campaign, pp. 4-5; on 
D'Amato campaign, pp. 4-5; on Church as architect of intelligence system 
destruction, p. 5; on Church and Soviet supremacy, pp. 4, 5, 7; on ASC aiding 
67 candidates, p. 4; and on ASC PAC contributions to other campaigns, p. 4.

 122 Interview with Dr. Richard Kolm at his Washington, D.C. home, May 21, 
1985; "Szaz's springboard" quote is from a confidential interview. 

 123 The names of NCAEG affiliates were provided by Z. Michael Szaz in a 
telephone interview on May 20, 1985 and by Dr. Richard Kolm.

 124 Alexander Ronnett, <Romanian Nationalism: The Legionary Movement> 
(Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1974). The book's cover has the Iron Guard 
symbol on it.

 125 See Corneliu Z. Codreanu, <For My Legionaries>, trans. (1936; Madrid: 
Editura "Libertatea," 1977). Codreanu was the founder and ideological leader 
of the Iron Guard. This book, written in 1936, is the Guard's <Mein Kampf>. 
The English translation is available from Liberty Bell, a neo->Nazi publisher 
and book distributorship at P.O. Box 21, Reedy, W. Va., 25270.

 126 Blum, pp. 91-96; Hans Rogger and Eugen Weber, eds., <The European Right> 
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1965), pp. 565-66; interview with Dennis 
Debbaudt.

 127 Interview with Alexander Ronnett, Chicago, December 1984.

 128 Program for the seventh IHR Conference, held in Los Angeles on Feb. 
15-17, 1986. For the text of his speech, see Alexander Ronnett, M.D. and Faust
Bradescu, Ph.D., "The Legionary Movement in Romania," <Journal of Historical 
Review>, Summer 1986, pp. 193-228. The <Journal of Historical Review> is 
published by IHR.

 129 Interview with Ronnett. Also, WACL documents and interviews with Iron 
Guard delegates to 1985 WACL conference. Ronnett was WACL delegate for many 
years.

 130 Austin J. App, <The Six Million Swindle> (Tacoma Park, Maryland: Boniface
Press, 1973), available from the Institute for Historical Review, 1822 1/2 
Newport Blvd., Suite 191, Cosa Mesa, California, 92627.

 131 Forster and Epstein, p. 229; Austin J. App, <No Time For Silence: Pleas 
For A Just Peace Over Four Decades> (Costa Mesa, California: Institute for 
Historical Review, 1987), p. 62.;Austin J. App, <Ravishing the Conquered Women
of Europe>, as cited by John Roy Carlson in <The Plotters> (New York: E.P. 
Dutton, 1946), pp. 160-61.

 132 National Convention Program brochure, NCAEG, Washington, D.C., Sept. 
29-Oct. 1, 1983.

 133 Interview with Joseph Plonski at the Republican Heritage Groups Council 
convention in Los Angeles on June 25, 1986. Other statements in this section 
attributed to Plonski are also from this interview.

 134 William S. Turchyn and NCAEG, NJ Chapter, <Victory Without Fear: A 
Response to OSI's " Nazi Hunting" Experiment> (Rivington, New Jersey: NCAEG, 
1985), p. 26.

 135 <Washington Post>, Nov. 21, 1971, p. A13.

 136 <CCPA News & Views>, Feb.-March 1983, p. 3.

 137 Rev. Anthony Cekada, <Light on the OSJ> (Oyster Bay, New York: The Roman 
Catholic, n.d.; reprinted from the <The Roman Catholic>, December 1981). This 
article is a Catholic traditionalist examination of the Order. See also the 
cover page of Charles Pichel, <History of the Hereditary Government of the 
Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem>, 2nd ed. (Shickshinny, Pennsylvania:
Maltese Cross Press, 1970), which traces the Knights of Malta from Jerusalem 
in 1050 to the U.S.A. in 1908.

 138 Sander A. Diamond, <The Nazi Movement in the United States: 1924-41> 
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1974), pp. 116-17.

 139 Pichel, <History of the Order of St. John>, pp. 192-93. See, for example,
in Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein, <Cross-Currents> (Garden City, New 
York: Doubleday & Company, 1956), the descriptions of Pedro del Valle (p. 
145), George Stratemeyer (p. 168), and Bonner Fellers (p. 163). Also, a number
of figures named in Pichel's <History of the Order of St. John> were 
instrumental in setting up the Liberty Lobby. Edward von Rothkirch, a member 
of the Order, helped set up Truth- in->Press, a Liberty Lobby 501(c)3 tax 
exempt group, and has worked with LaRouche for many years.

 140 <Washington Post>, Nov. 21, 1971, p. A13.

 141 "Western Goals Annual Report, 1981-82," Alexandria, Virginia, 1982; Karol
Sitko, <ABN Correspondence>, March-April 1983, pp. 10-13.

 142 <Wall Street Journal>, Dec. 17, 1985, p. 16; <Washington Post>, Sept. 18,
1984, p. A2; and <Washington Post>, National Weekly Edition, Oct. 1, 1984, p. 
12.

 143 "National Coalition for America's Survival: Human Rights and National 
Survival Program" brochure, Conservative Alliance, Washington, D.C., n.d. 
Arthur Jones and the America First Committee are listed both under "Prominent 
Individual Members" and "Organizational Members" in the brochure. According to
the <Washington Post>, National Weekly Edition, Oct. 1, 1984, p. 12, Warren 
Richardson has been the lobbyist for CALL; his nomination by Reagan as general
counsel for HEW was torpedoed in 1981 when it was discovered that he worked 
for the Liberty Lobby for four years in the 1970's. Richardson is also the 
former Executive Director of CAUSA, Rev. Moon's organization.

 144 <New York Times>, Oct. 12, 1985, p. 12. On June 28 and 29, 1986, Jones 
addressed a two-day Ku Klux Klan event planned to provoke confrontations in 
Chicago's racially tense southwest side Marquette Park and in the near-north 
shoreline area of Chicago where a Gay Pride Day march was ending.

 145 <New York Times>, April 17, 1938, p. E4; <New York Times>, August 4, 
1966, p. 8; <In Fact>, Dec. 30, 1940, pp. 2-4; and <In Fact>, July 1, 1940, p.
2.

 146 Interviews with Sam Dickens, Washington, D.C., July 16, 1986; Curt 
Winsor, Washington, D.C., July 17, 1986; Constantine Menges, by telephone, 
April 1986; and another who requested anonymity. The discussion and quotations
which follow are, unless otherwise noted, based on these interviews. For 
information on Radio Free Americas, see <New York Times>, Feb. 21, 1967, pp. 
1-2.

 147 An anonymous interview.

 148 <Washington Report>, Oct. 1978, p. 8. <Washington Report> is published by
ASC.

 149 John Fisher, "President's Report," ASC, Boston, Virginia, 1982.

 150 Rear Admiral Gene La Rocque, "Ronald Reagan is no War Monger--But What 
About His Advisors?" press statement, Oct. 31, 1980.

 151 Interview with Dickens.

 152 "White House Hosts ASC Foundation Speakers Bureau Seminar," <Washington 
Report>, Sept. 1983, pp. 4-5. The event was August 25-26, 1983.

 153 Jenny Pearce, <Under the Eagle> (Boston: South End Press, 1984), pp. 
175-80.

 154 Interview with David Taylor, by telephone, August 1986.

 155 <Peace Through Strength Report>, March 1985, p. 1.

 156 <American Banker>, May 11, 1987, p. 3; Jeffrey Zaslow, "Ex-officers of 
First Chicago Investigated in Possible Funds Diversion for Group," <Wall 
Street Journal>, May 11, 1987, p. 9.

 157 Interview with Matthias Lydon, by telephone, March 4, 1988.

 158 <Peace Through Strength Report>, July 1985, p. 2.

 159 <New York Times>, Jan. 29, 1988, p. A11.

 160 "In Defense of America: A Campaign for Peace through Strength" 
fundraising brochure, ASC Foundation, Washington, D.C., [1984].

 161 <Ibid>.

 162 ASC statement at Sept. 19, 1984 press conference sponsored by the 
Coalition for Peace through Strength.

 163 <Washington Report>, Nov. 1983, p. 5.

 164 ASC press packet, Sept. 19, 1984.

 165 See (Lexington, North Carolina) <Dispatch>, March 26, 1986, p. 4 which 
reports that Milton Croom "said this week he agrees with right-wing extremist 
Lyndon LaRouche on many issues, and was pleased LaRouche candidates had 
recently won primaries in Illinois." Also see <North Carolinians Against 
Racist and  Religious Violence Report on the North Carolina Elections>, May 7,
1986, which identifies Croom, who ran for the North Carolina Senate on the 
Democratic ticket, as a LaRouche candidate; corporate filing of station WTRI 
in Maryland; <Washington Post>, May 18, 1987, p. A16.

 166 See Dennis King, <Nazis Without Swastikas> (New York: League for 
Industrial Democracy, 1983); Chip Berlet and Joel Bellman, <Lyndon LaRouche: 
Fascism Wrapped in an American Flag> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Political 
Research Associates, forthcoming); and <Brownshirts of the Seventies> 
(Arlington, Virginia: Terrorist Information Project, n.d.), which is available
from National Lawyers Guild, Civil Liberties Committee, 14 Beacon Street, 
#407, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108.

 167 "Populist Groups Get More States," <Spotlight>, August 20, 1984, p. 14 
says that McConkey was state chair of the Populist Party.

 168 Leonard Zeskind, <It's Not Populism> (Atlanta, Georgia: National 
Anti-Klan Network, 1984), available from the Center for Democratic Renewal, 
P.O. Box 50469, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302. For further background on the 
Populist Party, see also the author's article, "Fake Populism, Real Fascism," 
<New America>, Jan.-Feb. 1985, p. 12. 

 169 <A Strategy For Peace Through Strength> (Boston, Virginia: ASC 
Foundation, 1984).

 170 <Who's Who in America: 1984-85>, Vol. 2.

 171 Joseph C. Goulden, <The Death Merchant> (New York: Simon and Shuster, 
1984; Bantam, 1985), pp. 21, 27.

 172 Jonathan Marshall, "The Friends of Michael Hand," <Inquiry>, Nov. 24, 
1980, p. 11. Also, Black wrote the chapter, "Structure for Strategy," on the 
National Security Council in <A Forward Strategy For America>, pp. xi, 359-95.
Black's <Who's Who in America> entry omits the position in the Eisenhower 
administration .

 173 <Who's Who in America: 1984-85>, Vol. 2.

 174 Australia, <Commonwealth-New South Wales Joint Task Force on Drug 
Trafficking: Report of Royal Commission>, Vol. 2, Nugan Hand (part 1), June 
1982, pp. 298-299, 303-304 (hereafter cited as <Joint Task Force Report>); 
<Wall Street Journal> front page series, August 24-26, 1982.

 175 <Wall Street Journal>, August 24-26, 1982; <Joint Task Force Report>, 
Vol. 4, pp. 731-51.

 176 <Joint Task Force Report>, Vol. 4, p. 796.

 177 <Joint Task Force Report>, Vol. 4, pp. 796-97; see also Jonathan Kwitny, 
<The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA> (New 
York and London: W. W. Norton, 1987), pp. 120-21.

 178 National Strategy Committee letterhead, ASC, received Sept. 19, 1984.

 179 "Salute to Ambassador Jeane J. Kirkpatrick" dinner program, ASC 
Foundation, April 16, 1985, p. 3.

 180 Interview with John Fisher, Washington, D.C., July 16, 1986.

 181 Caspar Weinberger, "Introductory Remarks," <Peace Through Strength 
Report>, July 1985, p. 2. Includes another Reagan letter to ASC, commending 
the June 4th event.

 182 <Ibid>., p. 2.

 183 <Peace Through Strength Report>, Jan. 1986, p. 3.

 184 Lee Norrgard and Joe Rosenbloom 3rd, "The Cold Warriors," <Common Cause 
Magazine>, July-August 1985, pp. 14-19, esp. p. 19.

 185 John Fisher, "President's Report," ASC, Boston, Virginia, 1983.

 186 John Fisher, "President's Report," 1985.

 187 "ASCPAC Plays Vital Role," <Peace Through Strength Report>, August 1984,
p. 8. On p. 6, the newsletter also says ASC helped to raise $186,000 for Cong.
Bill Dickinson. Jack Kemp made a claim similar to Chappell's.

 188 "Quotable," <Peace Through Strength Report>, Winter 1987, p. 4.

 189 Liberty Lobby promotional brochure, Washington, D.C., n.d., with 
endorsing quote from Dickinson.

 190 U.S., Congress, Office of the Clerk of the House, < Ethics in Government 
Act: Financial Disclosure Statement for 1984>, 98th Cong., 2nd sess., 1984, 
attachment, p. 1.

 191 U.S., Congress, Office of the Clerk of the House, <Ethics in Government 
Act: Financial Disclosure Statement for 1985>, 99th Cong., 1st sess., 1985, 
attachment, p. 1. 

 192 <Financial Disclosure Statement for 1984>, attachment, p. 1.

 193 <National Security Report>, June 1987, pp. 4-5.

 194 Norrgard and Rosenbloom, p. 14.

 195 <St. Louis Globe Democrat>, March 15, 1986.

 196 Turner, p. 202. G. Duncan Bauman, until recently the publisher of the now
defunct <Globe Democrat>, has been on the ASC's National Strategy Committee 
for years, according to ASC letterhead, received Sept. 19, 1984.

 197 <Coalition Insider>, Nov.-Dec. 1980, p. 7. The <Wall Street Journal>, 
Nov. 1, 1984, p. 30, in an editorial, attacked the AFL-CIO for supporting 
candidates with low ASC ratings.

 198 Monthly Reports of PAC Campaign Financing, Federal Election Commission, 
Form 3X, Scedule B.

 199 Turner, p. 211.

 200 La Rocque, "Reagan is no War Monger."

 201 <Washington Post>, Nov. 4, 1984, p. A8.

 202 CCA corporate records, State of Virginia; CCA brochure, Boston, Virginia,
n.d., shows Steve and Linda Fisher as president of CCA and president of CCA's 
subsidiaries respectively. Their father, John M. Fisher, is listed as the 
chairman of CCA.

 203 Interview with John Fisher, Boston, Virginia, July 16, 1985; Norrgard and
Rosenbloom, pp. 16-17.

 204 Interview with John Fisher, Washington, D.C., July 16, 1986.

 205 Interview with Jay Winek, by telephone, Sept. 1984. The ASC had listed 
the Coalition for a Democratic Majority as a member organization of the 
Coalition for Peace through Strength without CDM's permission, according to 
Winek. After several years of letters asking the ASC to desist, CDM's name was
dropped from the 1985 list.

 206 <Wall Street Journal>, Sept. 28, 1984, p. 46.

 207 E. L. Anderson, "Northern League Notes," <Right>, Feb. 1959, p. 6. Carto
used the pen name E. L. Anderson with <Right> and its successors, such as 
<Western Destiny>. Carto's use of this alias is mentioned in one of the best 
articles on his operations in C. H. Simonds, "The Strange Story of Willis 
Carto," <National Review>, Sept. 10, 1971, pp. 978-989, esp. p. 982. Anderson 
as Carto alias also confirmed to this writer by former Liberty Lobby official.

 208 <Right> promoted an international pagan->racial gathering scheduled for 
July 1959 that was organized by Pearson. See also "The Northern League," 
(London) <Searchlight>, June 1984, p. 9; ">Reagan Praises Leading Fascist," 
(London) <Searchlight>, Sept. 1984, p. 2.

 209 <Right>, Sept. 1960, p. 5, which also says, of the Nazis, "Their critics 
should consider that at this late date, only a hard-core group of 
fanatically-determined young men can possibly save the White Race."

 210 "Roger Pearson to Tour United States," <Right>, June 1959, p. 1.

 211 "Reagan Praises Leading Fascist," <Searchlight>, pp. 3-4, which 
reproduces the masthead of the Nov. 1965 <Western Destiny>.

 212 <Ibid>.

 213 Roger Pearson, <Race and Civilization> (London: Clair Press, 1966), title
page. 

 214 Robert Wistrich, <Who's Who in Nazi Germany> (New York: Macmillan, 1982),
pp. 114-15.

 215 Roger Pearson, <Eugenics and Race> (London: Clair Press, 1966), p. 26.

 216 For example, NS Publications, P.O. Box 88, Arlington, Virginia, 22210.

 217 <Wall Street Journal>, Sept. 28, 1984, p. 46.

 218 Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., ed., <China--The Turning Point> (Washington, D.C.:
Council on American Affairs, 1976). Other topics include anti-union themes (3 
monographs), Southern Africa (also 3 monographs), Korea and Social Security.

 219 Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, <Inside the League> (New York: Dodd,
Mead & Co., 1986), pp. 92-97.

 220 <Journal of International Relations>, Winter 1977, title page. John M. 
Fisher was the publisher.

 221 American Foreign Policy Institute letterhead, n.d. Confirmed in telephone
interview with Elbridge Dubrow on Sept. 26, 1984.

 222 <Washington Post>, May 28, 1978, p. C1.

 223 "Eleventh WACL Conference Proceedings," Washington, D.C., 1978.

 224 Ernest van den Haag, "Intelligence or Prejudice?" <National Review>, Dec.
1, 1964, pp. 1059-63; <Washington Post>, May 21, 1964, p. A8.

 225 "International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and 
Eugenics," <Group Research Organizations Directory,> Dec. 17, 1969, pp. 6-7.

 226 Nouvelle Ecole letterhead, June 1979.

 227 The two officials, Clint Bolick and Maxwell Miller, are listed in
<Journal of Political and Economic Studies>, Fall 1984.

 228 <Universitas> (UPAO Newsletter), Oct. 1984, pp. 1, 3; Barry Mehler, 
"Rightist on the Rights Panel," <The Nation>, May 7, 1988, p. 641.

 229 Lubomyr R. Wynar, <Encyclopedic Directory of Ethnic Organizations in the 
United States> (Littleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 1975), p.150.

 230 Ralph Scott, "The Bookshelf: <The Dispossessed Majority>," <Voice of 
Americans of German Descent>, Oct. 1975, p. 4.

 231 Mehler, "Rightist on the Rights Panel," <The Nation>, May 7, 1988, p. 
641; <Des Moines Register>, July 13, 1988, p. 4A. 

 232 <New York Times>, Dec. 11, 1977, p. 76; according to Pioneer Fund, Inc., 
U.S. Federal Income Tax Return, Form 990-PF, 1976, Pearson's Institute for the
Study of Man received $4000 for the "study of American Anglo-Saxon school 
children."

 233 <New York Times>, Dec. 11, 1977, p. 76; <Washington Post>, March 31, 
1985, pp. A1, A16.

 234 "International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and 
Eugenics," p. 7; Application for Recognition of Exemption, Internal Revenue 
Service, Form 1023, submitted by Institute for the Study of Man, May 25, 1975.

 235 <Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the  Contras: A Chronology of 
Events and Individuals> (Washington, D.C.: National Security Archives, 1987), 
p. 114.

 236 Helms staffer Clifford Kiracofe, former staffer James McClellan, and Sam 
Crutchfield are on the masthead of Pearson's <Journal of Social, Political and
Economic Studies>, Fall 1984.

 237 See Alfonse D'Amato, Press Release, July 31, 1984, for this proposed 
wording; the final version appears in the published GOP platform, "Republican 
Party: America's Future Free and Secure," Committee on Resolutions to the 
Republican National Convention, August 20, 1984, p. 41.

 238 D'Amato Press Release, July 31, 1984.

 239 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 83, 154.

 240 <Washington Post>, May 28, 1978, p. C1.

 241 <Washington Post>, Jan. 12-13, 23, 26 and 30, 1984; Feb. 9 and 18.

 242 Charles Goldman, ed. [pseud.], "World Anti-Communist League," <The Public
Eye>, Vol. 2, No. 1-2 (1979), pp. 18-27. This article was adapted from a 
translation of an article by Henrik Kr<129>uger in Erik Jensen and Petter 
Sommerfelt, eds., <Under Daekke> [<Under Cover>] (Copenhagen: Demos, 1978).

 243 Robert Boettcher with Gordon L. Freeman, <Gifts of Deceit: Sun Myung 
Moon, Tongsun Park, and the Korean Scandal> (New York: Holt, Rinehart and 
Winston, 1980), pp. 31-34, 338, 343, 348-350.

 244 Tan Tien, "Special Report: Establishment of the American Council for 
World Freedom," <Asian Outlook>, April 1970, pp. 34-35.

 245 <The WACL Bulletin>, Sept. 1981, photo section and p. 70.

 246 "General John Singlaub--Our Guest," <ABN Correspondence>, July-Oct. 1982,
p. 97.

 247 "United Strength for Peace with Freedom for All" program, Seventeenth 
WACL conference, San Diego, California, Sept. 4, 1984, p. 10.

 248 Singlaub interview on Sept. 6, 1984 at the 1984 WACL conference.

 249 <New York Times>, May 22, 1987, p. A13.; Holly Sklar, <Washington's War 
on Nicaragua> (Boston: South End Press, 1988), p. 229.

 250 <Los Angeles Times>, Dec. 20, 1986, p. 33; James Ridgeway, "Et tu, 
Singlaub? (Moving Target)," <Village Voice>, Dec. 30, 1986, p. 20.

 251 <Spotlight>, April 11, 1988, masthead.

 252 Julian Sher, <White Hoods: Canada's Ku Klux Klan> (Vancouver: New Star 
Books, 1983), p. 78; <Toronto Star>, Oct. 8, 1983, p.B8.

 253 From introduction to Taylor's speech by Robert Miles at Oct. 5-6, 1985 
meeting of Aryan Nations in Cohoctah, Michigan. Attended by author.

 254 The above mentioned meeting was a commemoration of those neo-Nazi Order 
members killed in a shootout with local and federal agents. For additional 
coverage of the event, see <New York Times>, Oct. 12, 1985, p. 12.

 255 Robert Parry, "Reagan Said to OK Private Aid Plan for Contras," 
Associated Press wire story, Washington dateline, Oct. 7, 1985.

 256 See <ABN Correspondence>, July-August 1983, front and back covers, for 
photos of the White House meeting.

 257 John Armstrong, <Ukrainian Nationalism>, 2nd ed. (New York and London: 
Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 73-84.

 258 Phillip Friedman, <Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust> 
(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, and New York: Conference
on Jewish Social Studies, 1980), pp. 176-83. 

 259 For example, the Organization for Defense of Four Freedoms for the 
Ukraine (ODFFU), according to confidential interviews with OUN members. 
<Ukrainian Review> is published in the U.S. by ODFFU and the editor is Slava 
Stetsko.

 260 <Ukrainian Quarterly>, Summer 1984, p. 214 mentions Nestercuz' UCCA 
affiliation and other ethnic activism.

 261 Interview with Bohdan Futey, Washington, D.C., May 17, 1985; <Ukrainian 
Quarterly>, Summer 1984, pp. 215-16.

 262 Confidential interview, OUN-B member.

 263 The campaign stop was widely reported. See <Ukrainian Newsletter> (the 
organ of the World Conference of Free Ukrainians, the international body in 
which all Ukrainian factions participate), Nov.-Dec. 1984, pp. 3, 7. It 
reports on the Reagan visit and notes that Fedorak was elected to the 
Presidium of the UCCA Executive Committee. Fedorak was also Toastmaster at a 
UCCA banquet where Jeane Kirkpatrick received a "Shevchenko Freedom Award."

 264 Fedorak attended the 1984 and 1985 WACL meetings in the U.S. His name 
appears on lists of previous WACL meetings.

 265 "UCCA Calls for Congressional Hearings into OSI," <Ukrainian Review>, 
Summer 1985, p. 96. <Ukrainian Review> is an OUN magazine.

 266 Invitation to Committee for Security and Cooperation in Europe Forum, 
signed by Ambassador-Designate Warren Zimmerman, [1986].

 267 <Ibid>.

 268 <Ukrainian Quarterly>, Editorial Advisory Board, Spring 1984.

 269 Confidential interview with OUN member; list of Republican Heritage 
Groups Council leaders.

 270 List of groups made available to the author for notetaking purposes only,
at 1985 WACL meeting.

 271 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 20-25, 152-55.

 272 World Jewish Congress press statement, Dec. 9, 1985, p. 2; Joe Conason, 
"Reagan and the War Crimes Lobby," <Village Voice>, May 14, 1985, pp. 20-23; 
UNIS press releases of April 4 and April 19, 1985 (UNIS is the Washington, 
D.C. affiliate of UCCA); and many articles in <Ukrainian Quarterly>, the UCCA 
publication. See, for example, an article that attacks OSI and praises the 
Waffen SS (as defenders of freedom) in Edward M. O'Connor, "Our Open Society 
Under Attack by the Despotic State," <Ukrainian Quarterly>, Spring 1984, pp. 
17-49, esp. pp. 48-49.

 273 Sayers and Kahn, pp. 80-88; Dallin, pp. 114-15; Armstrong, pp. 35, 50, 
73-74.

 274 Sayers and Kahn, pp. 80-98; Dallin, p. 115, n. 3, which cites German 
intelligence reports; Simpson, <Blowback>, pp. 160-63.

 275 Armstrong, p. 38.

 276 <Ibid>.

 277 <Ibid>., p. 77.

 278 Dawidowicz, p. 377.

 279 <Ibid>.

 280 <Ibid>., p. 544.

 281 Friedman, pp. 176-208, 244-321.

 282 Armstrong, p. 83.

 283 ABN literature cites Nov. 21-22, 1943 as the founding dates of ABN. A 
40th anniversary commemorative booklet, "Freedom for Nations and for the 
Individual" (Ukrainian Cultural Center, Warren, Michigan, Nov. 27, 1983) gives
a brief version of their history of ABN's origins. For a rejoinder to the 
OUN/ABN version, see Dallin, pp. 620-25.

 284 Wasyl Veryha, "General Pavlo Shandruk," <Ukrainian Quarterly>, Summer 
1984, pp. 164-77; Dallin, p. 625.

 285 Wynar, p. 377.

 286 <ABN Correspondence>, July-August 1983, front cover.

 287 Bernadine Bailey, <Captive Nations> (Chicago: Chas. Hallberg & Co., 
1969), p. 146.

 288 <Ibid>., p. xi.

 289 <Ibid>., pp. 29-36, 118, 130-34, 170.

 290 Confidential interview.

 291 Bailey, p. 32. On p. 28, Bailey says communism is "a convenient tool or 
catch word" used by "Russian imperialists."

 292 Interview with Nicolas Nazarenko.

 293 "On the 40th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc 
of Nations," <ABN Correspondence>, July-August 1983, p. 1; Dallin, p. 624.

 294 Niko Nakashidze, <The Truth About ABN> (Munich: ABN Press and Information
Bureau, 1960), p. 14. Although the ABN claims a direct lineage from the 1943 
Committee of Subjugated Nations (CSN), some scholars emphasize that the CSN 
went through a variety of splits and reorganizations immediately after WWII, 
and that ABN did not emerge in its current manifestation until several years 
after the war. 

 295 Anderson and Anderson, p. 45.

 296 "Death of a Great Croatian Intellectual and Politician," <ABN 
Correspondence>, May-August 1986, p. 97; Anderson and Anderson, pp. 25-29.

 297 Anderson and Anderson, pp.40-41.

 298 Joseph Rothschild, <East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars> 
(Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1974), p. 317; Rogger and
Weber, p. 567, Anderson and Anderson, p.20.

 299 "About the Contributors," <Journal of Historical Review>, Summer 1986, p.
254. See a picture album commemorating the 50th anniversary reunion of the 
Iron Guard: <Legiunea in Imagini> (Madrid: Iron Guard, 1976), p. 116, photo 
#11; see also p. 345 for a photo of Ronnett honoring the Bulgarian National 
Front in 1975 for the 1941 assistance of the BNF (then the Bulgarian Legion) 
during the Iron Guard's escape from Romania, following their failed coup 
attempt.

 300 WMAQ-TV (NBC) Chicago, "The Chicago Controversy," Evening News, May 
11-12, 1987. Transcript in Appendices.

 301 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 72, 138-41.

 302 Executive Board of the World Youth Anti-Communist League, "For a Heroic 
Concept of Life," <ABN Correspondence>, Sept.-Dec. 1983, p. 90.

 303 <Ibid>., p. 91.

 304 Martin Lee and Kevin Coogan, "Killers on the Right: Inside Europe's 
Fascist Underground," <Mother Jones>, May 1987, pp. 40-54.

 305 <ABN Correspondence>, May-August 1984, p. 73.

 306 <Ibid>., back cover.

 307 <Congressional Record>, July 14, 1986, p. E2388-89; <Chicago Tribune>, 
July 18, 1986, p.22.

 308 U.S. Counterintelligence Corps (CIC), <Consolidated Guidance Report, 
February 1948, p. 50.<Encyclopedia of Associations>, 3rd ed. (Detroit: Gale 
Research, 1961).

 309 Ad in <Darbininkas>, a Lithuanian newspaper, Sept. 7, 1984, p. 4.

 310 <Ibid>.

 311 <The Campaign Against the U.S. Justice Department's  Prosecution of 
Suspected Nazi War Criminals> (New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1985), p. 12.
(Hereafter cited as <ADL Special Report>) 

 312 <ADL Special Report>, pp. 31, 37-38.

 313 List of groups provided to this writer in 1985 for notetaking purposes 
only.

 314 Dr. Juozas Prunskis, <Lithuania's Jews and the Holocaust> (Chicago: 
Lithuanian American Council, 1979), pp. 16, 17-19.

 315 Danielius Ralys, <The Chosen People: A Look into the Past> (Canada: 
Alpha-Book Publishers, 1986), pp. 185-93.

 316 Charles Pichel, <Samogitia> (Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Maltese Cross 
Press, 1975), pp. 5-7.

 317 <Ibid>., pp. 294.

 318 CCJS telegram to Attorney General Edward Meese, Sept. 8, 1985.

 319 "Justice Department Passivity Held Responsible for Recent Terrorist 
Bombings of East Coast Ethnic Homes," CCJS Press Release, Sept. 9, 1985.

 320 Kevin Freeman, "WJC Charges Emigre Groups are Thwarting OSI Activities," 
<Daily News Bulletin>, Jewish Telegraph Agency, April 3, 1985, p. 3.

 321 Interview with John Fisher; confirmed by other sources.

 322 John Stockwell, <In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story> (New York: Norton, 
1978); contemporary news reports.

 323 Interview with John Fisher.

 324 "Clark Amendment Repealed: A Victory for Freedom," <Peace Through 
Strength Report>, August 1985, p. 1.

 325 <Ibid>., pp. 1-2.

 326 Anthony Lewis, "How to Isolate America," <New York Times>, May 19, 1987, 
p. A35.

 327 "Southern Africa: The Fateful Struggle" report, ASC, 1979. The trip was
conducted from March 24 to April 10, 1979.

 328 <Ibid>., p. 2; Stephen Orpen, "Secret funds, unanswered questions," <To 
The Point International>, Dec. 1, 1978, p. 55. <To The Point> (founded in 
1972, it became <To the Point International> in 1974) was closely identified 
with the South African regime.

 329 Orpen, "Secret funds," p. 55.

 330 <Washington Post>, Jan. 8, 1979, p. C1.

 331 <Washington Post>, March 15, 1981, p. A13.

 332 <New York Times>, March 15, 1981, p. 1.

 333 <New York Times>, March 24, 1981, p. A6; <New York Times>, March 25, 
1981, p. 4.

 334 <Washington Post>, March 15, 1981, p. A13.

 335 <New York Times>, March 22, 1981, sec. IV, p. 2.

 336 National Student Federation of South Africa untitled report, issued by 
Student Moderate Alliance (Univ. of Witwatersrand), Students Action Front 
(Univ. of Natal, Pletermaritzburg) and Moderate Student Movement (Univ. of 
Cape Town), 1985, p. 10.

 337 <Ibid>., p. 11.

 338 <Ibid>., pp. 13, 17.

 339 For example, <New American>, Jan. 27, 1986, p. 32; "South Africa `87: 
12th Annual Financial Geopolitical Tour," Conservative Caucus direct mailing, 
n.d.

 340 <Grassroots>, the newsletter of the Conservative Caucus, August 1985, 
devoted its 8 tabloid pages to advocating apartheid interests.

 341 An ad calling for Crocker's firing, signed by Abramoff, appeared in 
<Conservative Digest>, May 1985, p. 18.

 342 Interview with CNP member.

 343 CNP membership list; Board of Governors Mailing List, CNP, Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana, 1984, pp. 1, 11, 21, 26, 28.

 344 Interview with CNP member, background only; Board of Governors Mailing 
List, p. 7.

 345 From source close to CNP.

 346 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 83, 253.

 347 <Spotlight>, March 28, 1988, masthead.

 348 Ivor Benson, "The Siege of South Africa," <Journal of Historical Review>,
Spring 1986, pp. 5-20; "Seventh International Revisionist Conference a 
Smashing Success," <Institute of Historical Review Newsletter>, Feb. 1986, 
p.1.

 349 Benson, "The Siege of South Africa," esp. pp. 9-10, 13-14.

 350 See generally Walter LaFeber, <Inevitable Revolutions: The United States 
in Central America> (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1983) and Jenny Pearce,
<Under the Eagle> (Boston: South End Press, 1984).

 351 <Washington Report>, August 1979, p. 2.

 352 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 174-75.

 353 Jack Anderson, "Death Squads Have Permeated Latin America," <Washington 
Post>, Jan. 13, 1984, p. E12; Jack Anderson, "Latin Terrorists' Leader Retains
Support of CIA," <Washington Post>, Jan. 30, 1984, p. B32.

 354 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 217-41; Jack Anderson, "Assassin Calls Death 
Squads Part of Network," <Washington Post>, Jan. 23, 1984, p. B30; Jack 
Anderson, " `Death Squads' Continue Despite U.S. Pressures," <Washington 
Post>, Jan. 26, 1984, p. Md. 15.

 355 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 223-24.

 356 <Ibid>., p. 223.

 357 <Ibid>., p. 203. In the <New York Times>, March 4, 1981, p. 1, 
D'Aubussion says he's met with and maintained contact with Lt. Gen. Dan 
Graham, among others.

 358 Samuel T. Dickens, "El Salvador's Roberto D'Aubuisson," <Peace through 
Strength Report>, July 1984, p. 2. See p. 4 of the same <Report> for photos.

 359 <Peace through Strength Report>, Winter 1987, p. 2.

 360 <Eagle>, Feb. 1984, p. 18.

 361 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 169-74.

 362 <Washington Post>, Feb. 22, 1981, p. C7.

 363 Neil Livingstone, "Fighting Fire With Fire," <World and I>, March 1986, 
p. 96. <World and I> is published by the <Washington Times>, which is under 
the control of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon. Its editor is Morton Kaplan, who has 
been one of Moon's top collaborators in the U.S., especially as chairman of 
the International Conference for Unity of the Sciences. Kaplan has praised 
Moon as a great religious leader. According to the "Special Report on the 
American Security Council," May 25, 1962, by Group Research, Kaplan is also a 
long-time associate of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, discussed 
earlier in this paper. In 1988, he is still listed on the masthead of FPRI's 
<Orbis>.

 364 <Ibid>., p. 95.

 365 <New York Times>, May 15, 1987, p. A12; <Miami Herald>, June 8, 1986, p. 
A26; <Wall Street Journal>, May 21, 1987, p. 1. 

 366 <The New York Times>, Jan. 12, 1987, pp. A1, A6; see also Neil 
Livingstone, "What Ollie North Told Me Before He Took the Fifth," <National 
Review>, Jan. 30, 1987, p. 37.

 367 U.S., 100th Cong., 1st sess., 1988, Appendix A: Vol. 1; Source Documents,
pp. 634-37.

 368 Interview with Dickens.

 369 Samuel Dickens, "When Dialog Reeks of Treachery," <Replica>, Dec. 
1984-Jan. 1985, p. 29.

 370 Samuel Dickens, "Campaign of Attacks On the Salvadoran Army Launched by 
Leftist `Human Rights Defense' Organization," <Replica>, March 1985, pp. 19-20

 371 Anderson and Anderson, pp. 71-81; Craig Pyes, <Salvadoran Rightists: The 
Deadly Patriots> (Albuquerque: Albuquerque Journal, 1984), pp. 11-12. This 
booklet is a reprint of a series of articles by Pyes which ran in the 
<Albuquerque Journal> from Dec. 18 to Dec. 22, 1983.

 372 Interview with Alexander Ronnett; <Potomac>, Jan. 15, 1979, pp. 1-3, 
15-16, 24. <Potomac> is published by Ronnett in Mt. Prospect, Illinois.

 373 "New Chile Pleads for Fair Treatment in U.S. Press," <Voice of Americans 
of German Descent>, November 12, 1974, p. 3.

 374 Codreanu, p. viii.

 375 Magnus Linklater, Isabel Hilton, and Neal Acherson, <The Nazi Legacy> 
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984), pp. 215-319.

 376 Singlaub biographical statement, Roni Hicks Advertising and Public 
Relations, San Diego, California, n.d., distributed at the 1984 WACL 
Conference; Anderson and Anderson, pp. 150-151; <Eagle>, Feb. 1984, p. 20; 
Anthony Herbert with James T. Wooten, <Soldier> (New York: Holt, Rinehart and 
Winston, 1973), pp. 103-104, which discusses Singlaub's role in what later 
became known as Operation Phoenix.

 377 ABC-TV, "Phil Donahue Show," Sept. 30, 1985.



                            Selected Bibliography

   
 AMERICAN/GERMAN CORPORATE SUPPORT FOR HITLER:

 Ambruster, Howard Watson. <Treason's Peace>. New York: Beechhurst Press, 
1947.

 Borkin, Joseph. <The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben>. New York: Free 
Press, 1978.

 Higham, Charles. <Trading With the Enemy>. New York: Delacorte Press, 1983.

 Pool, James and Pool, Suzanne. <Who Financed Hitler>. New York: Dial Press, 
1978.

 Reiss, Curt. <The <Nazis Go Underground>. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co.,
1944.

 Thyssen, Fritz. <I Paid Hitler>. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1941.

   
 WAR CRIMINALS AND NAZI COLLABORATORS IN THE U.S.:

 Allen, Charles R. <Nazi War Criminals in America: Facts...Action>. New York: 
Highgate House, 1985.

 Blum, Howard. <Wanted! The Search for Nazis in America>. New York: 
Quadrangle, 1979.

 Lasby, Clarence. <Project Paperclip>. New York: Atheneum, 1971.

 Simpson, Christopher. <Blowback: U.S. Recruitment of <Nazis and Its Effects 
on the <Cold War>. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.

   
 FASCISTS AND NAZIS IN THE U.S.: 1920-1950

 Diamond, Sander A. <The Nazi Movement in the United States 1924-41>. Ithaca, 
New York: Cornell University Press, 1974.

 Kennedy, Stetson. <Southern Exposure>. New York: Doubleday, 1946.

 Lavine, Harold. <The Fifth Column in America>. New York: Doubleday, 1940.

 Magil, A.B. and Stevens, Henry. <Perils of <Fascism>. New York: International
Publishers, 1938.

 Piller, E.A. <Time Bomb>. New York: Arco, 1945.

 Sayers, Michael and Kahn, Albert. <Sabotage!> New York: Harper, 1942; Lev 
Gleason Publications, 1943.

 Smith, Geoffrey S. <To Save a Nation>. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

 Spivak, John L. <Secret Armies>. New York: Modern Age, 1939.

 Seldes, George. <In Fact>, 4 vols. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Reprint 
Corporation, 1970. This is a reprint of <In Fact>, a weekly periodical edited 
by George Seldes, published from 1940-1950.

   
 THE AMERICAN RIGHT: 1950-PRESENT:

 Clabaugh, Gary K. <Thunder on the Right: the Protestant Fundamentalists>. 
Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1974.

 Forster, Arnold. <A Measure of Freedom>. New York: Doubleday, 1950.

 McIntyre, Thomas J. <The Fear Brokers>. Boston: Beacon Press, 1979.

 Saloma, John S., III. <Ominous Politics>. New York: Hill and Wang, 
1984.Sanders, Jerry W. <Peddlers of Crisis>. Boston, Massachusetts: South End 
Press, 1983.

 Turner, William. <Power on the Right>. Berkeley, California: Ramparts Press, 
1971.

   
 REV. MOON AND THE UNIFICATION CHURCH:

 Boettcher, Robert. <Gifts of Deceit>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 
1980.

 Horowitz, Irving L., ed. <Science, Sin and Scholarship--The Politics of 
Reverend Moon and the Unification Church>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT 
Press, 1978.

 U.S., Congress, House, Committee on International Relations, Subcommitee on 
International Organizations. <Investigation of Korean-American Relations 
Report>, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1978.
   

 OTHER WORKS OF INTEREST:

 Anderson, Scott and Anderson, Jon Lee. <Inside the League: The Shocking 
Expose of How Terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads Have 
Infiltrated the World Anti-Communist League>. New York: Dodd-Mead, 1986.

 Codreanu, Corneliu Z. <For My Legionaries>. Madrid, Spain: Editura 
Libertatea, 1976. This is an English translation of the original 1936 work.

 Cook, Fred J. <The Warfare State>. New York: MacMillan, 1962; Collier Books, 
1964, 1969.

 Eisenberg, Dennis. <The Re-emergence of Fascism>. South Brunswick, New 
Jersey: A.S. Barnes, 1968.

 Sklar, Holly. <Washington's War on Nicaragua>. Boston: South End Press, 1988.


                                  Appendix 1

 The Chicago Controversy: Part One - WMAQ TV (NBC) Chicago -
 Evening News - Unit 5 Report - Broadcast Date: May 10, 1987

 Peter Karl, Reporter
 Marsha Bartel, Producer
 Copyright 1987, WMAQ TV News
 All Rights Reserved
 Transcript prepared by Political Research Associates

 PETER KARL: There are many private citizens who are working hard to support 
the Contras. We have found some of them have ties to Nazi Germany. Working 
through groups who wave the banner of anti-communism, some have the ear of 
foreign policy makers, and some don't like to talk openly about their past.

 The Nicaraguan Contras needed money. So national security advisor Lt. Col. 
Oliver North made it his job to get it. And, according to the Tower Commission
report, North turned to this man, retired General John Singlaub, for help.

   [Screen: 1985]

   JOHN SINGLAUB: I represent hundreds of thousands of Americans who are 
sympathetic to your cause, and want to help.

   PETER KARL: In 1985, Singlaub promised the Nicaraguan Contras the backing 
of the Americans. He turned to a private network of anti-communist 
organizations for help--some right here in Chicago.

   [Screen: DR. ALEXANDER RONNETT, CONTRA FUNDRAISER]

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: I consider myself a freedom fighter.

   PETER KARL: Dr. Alexander Ronnett is a Chicago area doctor. He is actively 
involved in a number of anti-communist groups working for the Contras.

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: If they do want to struggle for liberty, they deserve 
the help of anybody that understands the situation politically.

   PETER KARL: Ronnett provided both moral and financial support to the 
Contras. He travelled overseas to raise money. His journey brought him into 
the offices of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, and into the White House.

   PETER KARL: Have you ever been invited to the White House?

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: Many times, yes.

   PETER KARL: For briefings?

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: Yes, almost every month...twice...

   PETER KARL: On national security and all that sort of stuff?

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: Yes.

   PETER KARL: You've been invited?

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: Yes.

   PETER KARL: For what purpose?

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: To attend, to be briefed on certain situations...

   (fade under)

   PETER KARL: But who is Dr. Alexander Ronnett? A Unit 5 investigation 
reveals that he belongs to a controversial organization that dates back to the
days before World War II. It was called the Legion of the Archangel Michael. 
According to these counterintelligence reports, it was an extreme right, shock
organization that used criminal means to achieve its goals. It was labeled as 
anti-Semitic and fascist.

   The Legion was also known as the Iron Guard. It began in Romania in the 
1930's. Its members swore blood oaths in support of its leaders. The goal of 
the Iron Guard was to purify the Romanian race; and to that end, the Guard 
supported the Nazis--and worked to rid Romania of communists and Jews.

   Efraim Zuroff is with the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Israel.

   EFRAIM ZUROFF: They were very xenophobic, very anti-Semitic. Their agenda 
was the exclusion of Jews, from Romanian politics, from Romanian life...they 
viewed the Jews as an enemy.

   PETER KARL: According to this document from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, 
Dr. Alexander Ronnett's name is on the list of Iron Guard members who were 
active during World War II. The list was turned over to the Justice 
Department. The Justice Department says it could not comment specifically on 
the report.

   [Screen shows list of names): Dr. Alexandru Ronette-Rahmistriuc]

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: You can put a lot of things on paper, you can make a lot
of accusations--and it is how you resolve them, that is the essence. And as it
stands today, in my opinion the Justice Department of the United States is the
injustice department.

   PETER KARL: Ronnett says he never was a member of the Legionnaires in 
Romania, but admits to being a strong supporter of the Legionnaires today. His
office is lined with symbols representing the Legion. Ronnett says he's 
rewriting history to favor his point of view. His books talk about the Jewish 
menace in Romania in the 1930's and 40's. Quote:
   
  "Because their exclusive and hoarding mentality had broken the financial and
commercial equilibrium of the country and because by means of corruption and 
hidden pressures, the Jewish community had become a veritable state within a 
state."

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: Economy and politics go hand in hand, you cannot 
separate them. So who has the money, who has the economical power, will 
control the political arena, too.

   PETER KARL: So you wanted to limit the number of Jews who were in power?

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: That's right...or...not eliminate them. It's just 
curtail their influence...economical influence.

   PETER KARL: You should know that Dr. Ronnett was very active in the 
Reagan/Bush campaign in 1984, but he has taken an autographed picture of 
President Reagan off his wall because he disagrees now with the President's 
handling of the Iran-Contra affair. Those involved in the Chicago Controversy 
are small in number, and we don't mean or intend to paint ethnic groups with 
the broad brush of anti-Semitism or fascism. Tomorrow at ten, more on the 
Chicago Controversy, and the Nazi connection.
   


 The Chicago Controversy: Part Two
 Broadcast Date: May 11, 1987
 (Transition from report on Iran-Contra hearings)

  RON MAGERS: ...what Robert McFarlane and others did was try to find some 
private money to aid the Contra cause, and some of the private money, and 
support, came from Chicago.

   CAROL MARIN: Peter Karl and Unit 5 have learned the Contra connection goes 
from Chicago all the way back to the Nazis of World War II. Peter...

   PETER KARL: Carol and Ron, the Reagan Administration may be surprised to 
learn about the background of some of the people they did business with to 
deliver aid to the Contras.

   Go back in time 40 years to World War II. Many Eastern European countries 
had a common goal: stop Russia and communism, no matter what the cost. And for
at least some period, many turned to the Nazis for support. Now forty years 
later, it's a similar story in Nicaragua. They call themselves freedom 
fighters, and they are vowing to stop communism, no matter what the cost.

   A Unit 5 investigation has found that some people with ties to Nazi Germany
forty years ago are members of groups actively providing support to the 
Nicaraguan Contras today. Even more surprising, some of those groups are right
here.

   [Screen: John Loftus, Former Investigator]

   JOHN LOFTUS: Well, the Nazis didn't go away. They are in Chicago. They are 
working on another covert operation... .(fade under)

   PETER KARL: John Loftus is a former investigator for the Justice 
Department. For two years he tracked down alleged Nazis living in America.

   JOHN LOFTUS: If we had known who John Kosiak was, he would never have set 
foot in America.

   PETER KARL: In the early years of the war, John Kosiak was an engineer in 
Byelorussia, an area bordered by Russia on the east and Poland on the west. 
When the Nazis took over, a puppet government was established. And according 
to this roster, John Kosiak was promoted to a leadership role in that puppet 
government.

   JOHN LOFTUS: It's the politicians like Kosiak that helped run the Nazi 
empire.

   PETER KARL: Kosiak wrote this book on the history of Byelorussia. He 
describes the ongoing relationship between the puppet government and the 
Nazis. He even shows this telegram sent to Adolph Hitler in June of 1944:

 "Fuehrer: ...The Byelorussian people will unbendingly fight together with the
German soldiers against our common enemy--Bolshevism. We hope and believe in 
the final victory which under your direction will bring a happy future."

   It was approved by the members of the Byelorussian Congress...Kosiak among 
them. John Kosiak is now living in the Chicago area.

   JOHN LOFTUS: John Kosiak helps propagandize for the support of the Contras.

   PETER KARL: Kosiak refused to do an on-camera interview. But reports show 
he is active in several anti-communist organizations currently working to 
support the Nicaraguan Contras. One group is the ABN, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc 
of Nations. It's a worldwide organization, and its news magazine pictures ABN 
leaders with some powerful politicians, such as Vice-President George Bush, 
and even President Ronald Reagan.

   JOHN LOFTUS: Backing the ABN is like hiring the Ku Klux Klan to be your 
consultant for school desegregation. Anyone who allows their name to be 
affiliated with the ABN...is going to be terribly embarrassed.

   PETER KARL: Why embarassed? Because according to this book, <Inside the 
League>, in 1980 seven of the eleven leaders of the ABN, and several of the 
organizations they represent, are listed as having close ties to the Nazis. 
Example: the Romanian Legionnaires. US Army counterintelligence reports 
describe the Legion's role as Nazi collaborators during World War II. It is 
listed as being anti-Semitic and fascist.

   Dr. Alexander Ronnett, the Chicago leader of the Legion today, vehemently 
denies those charges, and he also says the ABN does not have any ties to the 
Nazis.

   PETER KARL: (TO RONNETT) What do you say to the people who say ABN is a 
collection of neo-Nazis...

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: Neo-Nazis...

   PETER KARL: ...fascists...

   ALEXANDER RONNETT: ...fascists, and criminals, and everything like that. I 
would tell them, even the [unclear] "kiss my butt," because you are an idiot, 
even to believe that, and mimic some other [unclear] that told you that.

   PETER KARL: The Chicago ABN is only a small part of the private network 
working to fund the Contras, and there is nothing illegal about what they are 
doing. But what worries John Loftus is that they are speaking for Americans.

   JOHN LOFTUS: There are a lot of good people in the world who are 
anti-communists. We don't have to resort to the dregs of humanity.

   PETER KARL: In fairness, we want to make it clear that the vast majority of
Eastern Europeans had nothing to do with these organizations.


                                Appendix 2   

 Controversial Veteran - WMAQ TV (NBC) Chicago - Evening News
 Broadcast Date: November 11, 1985
 Carol Marin, Reporter
 Don Mosely, Producer.
 Copyright 1985, WMAQ TV News - Rights Reserved
 Transcript prepared by Political Research Associates

 Daley Plaza, November 1, 1985.

   CAROL MARIN: This is the group called Civilian Military Assistance rallying
in Daley Plaza a week and a half ago. Rallying in praise of Ronald Reagan's 
Central American policy; rallying to raise money to overthrow the Sandinistas 
of Nicaragua.

   ART JONES: One, two, three, four. No more Reds, no more war.

   CAROL MARIN: On this day the head CMA cheerleader was Art Jones. Back in 
the Seventies, Art Jones was part of the Nazi movement in Cicero. Now in the 
Eighties, his America First Committee works with national neo-Nazi and white 
far-right organizations.

   ART JONES: Communism will be defeated.

   CAROL MARIN: Jones, a Vietnam veteran, says he is a patriot, and wants to 
stop the spread of communism in Central America; so does the CMA and so does 
the World Anti-Communist League.

   [Screen: John Singlaub-World Anti-Communist League]

   JOHN SINGLAUB: I represent hundreds of thousands of Americans who are 
sympathetic to your cause and want to help.

   CAROL MARIN: Both the CMA and the World Anti-Communist League, the latter 
reportedly at the urging of President Reagan, have been supplying financial 
support for Nicaraguan rebels. But for some time now there has been a question
of whether these anti-communist groups have been attracting, and in some cases
enlisting, people like Art Jones--people who combine neo-Nazism with their 
anti-communism.

   CHIP BERLET: It's clear that there are neo-Nazis and anti-Semites in both 
the World Anti-Communist League and CMA.

   CAROL MARIN: People who study the far right, like Chip Berlet of Midwest 
Research, believe there is within the anti-communist movement now, a struggle 
going on.

   CHIP BERLET: Inside the World Anti-Communist League itself there has been a
fight for almost twenty years; with the anti-communists who are not Nazis and 
not anti-Semites trying to get rid of the Nazis and anti-Semites...and they 
haven't succeeded.

   CAROL MARIN: Tonight, in at least one case, they have, however. Since our 
recent inquiries about Art Jones and his relationship to the CMA, Jones has 
been thrown out by the Illinos leader of CMA who says his group disavows 
racism and anti-Semitism. Meanwhile, Art Jones tonight told us he will still 
privately help the CMA while he works on other things, like his next 
project--organizing the Klan, Aryan Nations and neo-Nazis to protest the 
upcoming national holiday marking the birth of Dr. Martin Luther King.


                 Appendix 3
   
 Chronology of 1988 Bush Campaign Controversy 
 Coalition of American Nationalities
 Republican and Bush Campaign responses to charges
 (with selected other responses)
   
 by Chip Berlet
   
 Adapted from an article in the <Boston Phoenix>

   When the Bush campaign was revealed as having recruited an ethnic support 
coalition which included racists, fascists, anti-Semites, Nazi apologists and 
even aging Nazi collaborators, it responded with a number of conflicting 
statements. At various points during the controversy the Bush campaign 
announced: 

   - It would investigate the charges. 
   - It would not investigate the charges. 
   - It was shocked by the charges. 
   - It could not be held responsible for screening everyone. 
   - It was unable to substantiate the charges. 
   - The unsubstantiated charges were reckless political attacks.
   - No one would resign until the charges were substantiated. 
   - The persons resigning admitted no wrongdoing. 
   - The anti-Semites had resigned from the campaign. 
   - The issue was closed. 

   Clearly there are some mutually exclusive positions in the above list.

   The charges primarily came from three sources: a report by Detroit-based 
freelancer Russ Bellant (published by Political Research Associates in 
Cambridge); a series of articles by reporter Larry Cohler and Walter Ruby 
appearing in <Washington Jewish Week> and articles by David Lee Preston in the
<Philadelphia Inquirer>. Both press sources focused on the Bush campaign's 
recruitment of Eastern European nationalists who had emigrated to the U.S. 
after World War II, having fled countries such as Latvia, Rumania, Bulgaria, 
and the Croation section of Yugoslavia. As the Bellant report revealed, these 
ethnic activists had gravitated towards the Republican Party due to a shared 
emphasis on rolling back communism and gaining independence for the nations 
near the Baltic coast and the Balkans which now are under Soviet domination. 

   Some of these ethnic emigres, who champion "liberation" for these "Captive 
Nations," had fled their homelands due to their allegiance to Nazi Germany. 
Their continued support for fascism and their anti-Semitic views were aspects 
of their political work kept hidden while toiling on behalf of George Bush and
the Republican Party. 

   A chronological look at the controversy shows how artfully the Bush 
campaign sidestepped the charges while simultaneously placating its Jewish and
emigre constituencies. 

   8/2/88--A Bush campaign news conference announces the formation of 
Coalition of American Nationalities to coordinate the campaign activities of 
various ethnic groups.

   9/01/88--Political Research Associates (PRA) mails galley copies of the 
report by Bellant to 20 reporters and news outlets. Press embargo is listed as
9/9/88 in the A.M.

   9/08/88--The story offically surfaces in the press when <Washington Jewish 
Week> charges several Bush ethnic advisory committee members are well-known 
anti-Semites and pro- fascists, including persons who opposed the Justice 
Department's Office of Special Investigation (OSI) and its probe into emigre 
Nazi collaborators in the U.S. The article focuses on Bush ethnic advisors 
Jerome Brentar and Ignatius Billinsky and includes material on the Republican 
Heritage Groups Council, Florian Galdau and Philip Guarino and Laszlo Pasztor 
from the Bellant report. [Bellant also "faxed" supporting documentation on 
Galdau to <Washington Jewish Week> prior to publication of the article. 
Bellant was not identified as the author of the PRA report until the third 
article in the <Washington Jewish Week> series.]

   - Brentar has suggested the OSI search for Nazi war criminals is a 
communist plot, and worked with groups claiming the Holocaust is a Jewish 
hoax. 

   - Billinsky, a long-time critic of OSI, is president of the Ukrainian 
Congress Committee of America which Bellant desribes as "heavily influenced 
but not totally controlled by" anti-Semites, collaborators with Hitler, and 
apologists for Nazism. 

   - Galdau is described by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal as the leader of the 
Romanian pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic movement in New York City. 

   - Guarino is linked in published accounts to the fascist-oriented P-2 
masonic lodge in Italy, and has made racist statements about non-white ethnic 
minorities. 

   Mark Goodin, spokesperson for Bush campaign, announces "The Reagan-Bush 
Administration supports OSI and George Bush will support OSI as president," 
and pledges the campaign will look into the allegations. "If there is anything
to them, we'll take action," said Goodin. 

   James Baker, Bush campaign chairman, adds, "There is no place in this 
campaign for anti-Semitism, racism, bigotry or people who espouse those views.
Any individuals who espouse those views will not be welcome in this campaign."


   Response in the Jewish community is quick. Henry Siegman, executive 
director of the American Jewish Congress, says the charges are a shocking 
revelation:

   "It suggests a high degree of either insensitivity or incompetence on the 
part of George Bush's staff. I'm sure George Bush is personally unaware of the
sordid personal history of these people. But now that he has been made aware 
of them we have every right to expect him not only to remove these people but 
to repudiate what they stand for."

   Albert Vorspan, senior vice president of the Union of American Hebrew 
Congregations calls the composition of the Coalition "outrageous and 
frightening. The inclusion of notorious extremists in a committee with such 
close ties to the vice president violates the principles that George Bush has 
publicly espoused." 

   Abraham Foxman, national director of the Anti-Defamation League, urges "an 
immediate investigation by the Bush campaign of the backgrounds of members of 
the Bush campaign ethnic coalition who are known anti-Semites and have been 
linked to Holocaust revisionist and anti-OSI (Office of Special Investiations)
activities." Foxman adds, "There is no place in any political campaign for 
anti-Semites. The League urges that these persons be summarily removed." 

   9/9/88--Bush spokesperson Mark Goodin announces Jerome Brentar has 
resigned, saying Brentar's "association with [convicted Nazi war criminal] 
John Demjanjuk put him at odds with Vice President Bush." No mention is made 
of the more substantial charges regarding Brentar. 

   As for Galdau and Guarino, Goodin says, "We have absolutely no 
substantiation at this point of any of these charges." 

   Michael S. Miller, executive director of the Jewish Community Relations 
Council, however, says his group has information supporting the <Washington 
Jewish Week> descriptions of Jerome Brentar, Florian Galdau and Philip 
Guarino. "There's absolutely no doubt in my mind that these three individuals 
have expressed sympathies with Nazism, with fascism," Miller tells the <New 
York Times>. The Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles is also cited by the 
<Times> as having corroborating background material.

   9/10/88--The <Philadelphia Inquirer> runs an article by David Lee Preston 
which corroborates much of the material in <Washington Jewish Week>. Preston 
cites the forthcoming Bellant report.

   9/11/88 The first section of the Bellant report is officially released to 
the press. The report describes how the Republican Party has been recruiting 
ethnic facists, racists and anti-Semites for over 20 years, through its 
Heritage Groups Council. 

   9/11/88--The <Washington Post> carries a story on Bush advisor Fred Malek, 
who resigns from the Bush campaign almost immediately. 

   - Malek, according to the <Post>, while serving as an aide to President 
Nixon, had compiled lists of employees with "Jewish-sounding" names--names of 
persons Nixon suspected were part of a "Jewish Cabal" at the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics. 

   9/11/88--The <Boston Globe> carries a summary of the charges made in the 
Bellant report concerning the Republican Heritage Groups Council.

   9/12/88--The Bush campaign announces five more resignations in addition to 
Brentar, in a stated effort to prevent Bush from being hurt by what are called
"politically motivated attacks." 

   The statement of resignation issued on behalf of the five panel members
says in part:

   "We have been attacked unfairly by George Bush's political opponents. 
These...attacks are aimed at neutralizing the support George Bush has and will
continue to have in the ethnic community. "

   In addition to Brentar, who previously had resigned, the five new resignees
include Galdau and Guarino as well as Ignatius Billinsky, Laszlo Pasztor, and 
Bohdan Fedorak.

   - Pasztor, who recruited many of the ethnic leaders with questionable 
backgrounds for the Republican Heritage Groups Council, himself briefly served
during World War II as an official in a Nazi-collaborationist Hungarian 
government controlled by an anti-Semitic organization, the Arrow Cross.

   - Fedorak, also a leading critic of OSI, hosted the July 1988 campaign 
appearance by George Bush co-sponsored by a pro-Nazi group. 

   Mark Goodin, spokesperson for Bush, dismisses these charges as "little more
than politically-inspired garbage...the campaign looked into the allegations 
against these individuals and was unable to substantiate them." 

   Bush responds to reporters questions by saying: "Nobody's giving in. These 
people left of their own volition. We're not accusing anybody of anything... 
.We're getting into a very peculiar deal where some people are accusing 
people...I don't like it a bit." 

   A few days later, Radi Slavoff, national co-chairman of Bulgarians for 
Bush, becomes the seventh ethnic panel member to resign.

   - Slavoff is charged with working in a national front which was aligned 
with Nazis, and heading up the Heritage Groups Council which has become a safe
harbor for anti-Semites and pro-Nazis emigres. 

   9/15/88--The entire Bellant report is officially released. The report 
includes a photo of George Bush on the campaign trail at a July 1988 event 
co-sponsored by a pro-Nazi group, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. Also 
reproduced is a 1984 Republican ethnic pride calendar which urges the 
celebration of "Croation Independence Day." The Croation state was run by a 
Nazi-puppet government which oversaw the slaughter of over 500,000 Serbians 
and Jews.


                                  Appendix 4
   
 Chronology of 1988 Bush Campaign Controversy 
 by Chip Berlet

 PART 2 - The Bush Counterattack

   9/15/88--With the resignations out of the way, the Bush counterattack 
begins. Bush spokesperson Mark Goodin denounces Bush's political enemies for 
disseminating "reckless allegations" Although he claims the Bush campaign has 
not seen the Bellant report, Goodin says "The campaign has been unable to 
substantiate any of the allegations...They are some of the most reckless 
allegations levelled against anybody... .This has the unmistakable stink of 
Boston Harbor." Bush campaign supporters begin to refer to the charges as 
"Sasso-like attacks," and tell reporters the Bellant report is part of a 
Dukakis dirty-tricks effort. In fact, Political Research Associates has no 
ties to the Dukakis campaign and had moved to Cambridge from Chicago the
previous summer, but the smear sticks. Most major media drop the story. 

   9/15/88--For those newspapers still covering the story, the Bush campaign's
statements start to unravel. <Washington Jewish Week> reports that Florian 
Galdau says he had never been asked to resign and had no intention of doing 
so. According to the newspaper, Galdau "said he had never signed a statement 
issued by the Bush campaign in his name and that of four others whose 
resignations the campaign announced." Says Galdau, "I did not resign. Why 
should I resign? I don't want to resign. I was appointed [to the Bush 
committee]...and I don't think they have the right to ask me to resign." 

   Galdau's son, Florin: "[The Bush campaign] called my father [on Sept. 12] 
and denied they had any information whatsoever on any of the allegations made 
[against] him. Neither [the caller] or anyone else in the Bush campaign asked 
my father to resign--and he did not resign...If they ask him to resign, he 
will tell them to go to hell." 

   Meanwhile on a Cable Network News program Jerome Brentar insists he never 
resigned from the Bush ethnic panel; and he denies that the Nazis deliberately
gassed Jews during the Holocaust. 

   Bush spokesperson David Sandor quickly responds: "This is obviously in 
conflict with what we have said. We stand by what we have said... .We didn't 
force them to resign... .George Bush is their friend. They will continue to 
support him. They stand by their statement." 

   9/16/88--Jerome A. Brentar tells the <Philadelphia Inquirer> he is 
"definitely still in the campaign, still in the coalition... .I was asked to 
step down. I told them that I'll step down if they send me a letter outlining 
why I have to step down, what I did wrong to earn this degradation... .Until I
get such a letter, I feel I'm still part of the Coalition." 

   The Bush campaign finally takes its only stand relating to the actual 
issues involved, and issues the following statement: "Jerome Brentar and this 
campaign disagreed... .We were at fundamental odds over some very important 
beliefs in this campaign toward racial and religious tolerance, and he was 
asked to step down... .as far as we're concerned he's no longer part of this 
campaign." 

   9/18/88--<Philadelphia Inquirer> reporter David Lee Preston reports that 
since 1969, several dozen alleged Nazis, fascists and anti-Semites have held 
leadership posts in the Heritage Groups Council. He quotes Allan A. Ryan, Jr. 
(now with the legal office of Harvard University but formerly director of the 
Justice Department's OSI war criminal probe) as saying he had read Bellant's 
report and found it to be "well documented and reliable." 

   Preston also reports that in 1972 a convicted Nazi war criminal Boleslavs 
Maikovskis of Minneola, N.Y. served on the advisory board of the 
Latvian-American section of the Republican's Heritage Council for the 
Re-Election of the President. 

   9/22/88--In <Washington Jewish Week> the Republican National Committee's 
Kathryn Murray admits she has not read the evidence contained in the Bellant 
report, but claims the report is "filled with ridiculous charges" and "insults
all ethnic Americans." Murray says the RNC has no intention of examining 
evidence of the extremist background presented against anyone in the report. 
The paper, however, reports ADL has evidence backing charges against four of 
the persons resigning from Bush campaign. 

   The <Jewish Telegraphic Agency> quotes Albert Maruggi, RNC press secretary,
saying there were no plans to investigate the backgrounds of any of the ethnic
group members cited in the Bellant report. Incredibly, four of the Bush ethnic
panel members who resigned, Guarino, Slavoff, Galdau, and Pasztor, are still 
active in the RNC's Heritage Group's Council. 

   9/27/88--The <Boston Herald> carries an Alan Dershowitz column where 
Dershowitz reveals he has independent knowledge of some of Bellant's charges. 
"I first heard about the presence of Nazis in the hierarchy of the Republican 
Party as far back as 1970" In the course of working on the New York governor's
race, Dershowitz says he "learned that several members of a Republican 
`Captive Nations Committee' were Nazi sympathizers who had been personally 
involved in the Holocaust in Europe, as well as with racist and neo-Nazi 
groups in America." 

   9/27/88--<New York Post> columnist Pete Hamill in a column titled "George 
Bush and his fascist fan club" quotes Menachem Rosensaft, president of the 
Labor Zionist Alliance and leader of the International Network of Children of 
the Holocaust: 

   "He accepted their resignations. And he said he was against anti-Semitism. 
But when they were gone, an aide said the charges against these men were 
`unsubstantiated and politically motivated.' Clearly Bush wanted them out once
they were exposed, but he still wants the votes of their constituency."

   9/29/88--Ron Kauffman, Northeast political director for the Bush Campaign 
tells the <Jewish Advocate> newspaper the Bellant report is "totally 
outrageous." Mark Goodin, Bush Campaign spokesman, denounces Bellant's report 
and says people who voluntary resigned from campaign "vigorously defended" 
themselves against the charges. "We were not able to substantiate any of the 
allegations...These individuals maintain fierce opposition to the charges. We 
certainly accept that explanation." [At no time during the controversy did the
Bush campaign contact Political Research Associates or Russ Bellant].

   11/1/88 Author Charles R. Allen Jr., an expert on the emigre Nazi network, 
questions the candor of Bush when he "professed ignorance of [the] pro-Nazi 
backgrounds" of the ethnic campaign supporters. In a <Village Voice> article, 
Allen produces a 1983 photograph of George Bush shaking hands with Yaroslav 
Stetsko, then leader of the pro-Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations>. The 
photo was taken at a White House reception. Bush signed the photo: "To the 
Honorable Yaroslav Stetsko with best wishes--George Bush." Allen also produced
a 1976 RNC memo in which Bush, as RNC Chair, is reported to have reviewed the 
past work of the Republican Heritage Groups Council and set goals for the 
coming year. 

   11/4/88 The <Philadelphia Inquirer> reports charges concerning the 
background of Bush ethnic coalition leader Akselis Mangulis. Even before the 
story appears in print, the Bush campaign announces Mangulis has resigned, 
although the woman who answers the phone at the Mangulis residence tells 
reporters Mr. Mangulis was not asked to resign and would not resign.

   - Mangulis, a Latvian member of CAN, is accused of belonging to the Latvian
Legion which during WWII was conected to the Nazi SS. 

   Prior to the election, the charges in Bellant's report are not covered in 
the <New York Times>, <Washington Post>, <Associated Press>, or <United Press 
International>. Coverage was extensive in the Jewish daily and weekly press, 
as well as alternative weeklies and monthlies, but for most of the country the
story was never examined outside coverage of the initial resignations. 

   Following the election, on November 19, 1988. the <New York Times> ran an
Op-Ed page column by Russ Bellant.

                                                    
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 Source: PeaceNet cdp:pn.publiceye
 Written 3:20 pm Mar  4, 1990 by nlgclc in cdp:pn.publiceye
 From The NY Transfer BBS  718-448-2358
 ---------------------------------------

